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First Law of Thermodynamics Neb Class 12 | Indicator Diagram, Cyclic Process in Nepali | IOE and CEE

This lesson offers an in-depth study of the First Law of Thermodynamics, a fundamental principle governing the conservation of energy in thermodynamic processes. The session is structured to cover the following essential topics:

Introduction to the First Law of Thermodynamics:

Definition and statement of the First Law.
Explanation of energy conservation in thermodynamic systems.
Mathematical expression and its physical significance.
Thermodynamic System and Surroundings:

Definition of a thermodynamic system and its boundary.
Explanation of the surroundings and their interaction with the system.
Classification of thermodynamic systems:
Open system – Exchanges both energy and matter with surroundings.
Closed system – Exchanges only energy, not matter.
Isolated system – No exchange of energy or matter.
Thermodynamic Variables:

Definition and importance of state variables.
Explanation of key variables: Pressure (P), Volume (V), Temperature (T), and Internal Energy (U).
Difference between intensive (independent of system size, e.g., temperature, pressure) and extensive (dependent on system size, e.g., volume, internal energy) properties.
Work Done in Thermodynamic Processes:

Concept of work in a thermodynamic system.
Work as an energy transfer mechanism.
Mathematical derivation of work done in a system: dW = P dV.
Work Done During Expansion:

Explanation of how work is done when a gas expands.
Derivation of work done in different expansion processes:
Isothermal expansion – Temperature remains constant.
Adiabatic expansion – No heat exchange with surroundings.
Graphical representation of expansion work.
Indicator Diagram:

Definition and significance of indicator diagrams.
Graphical representation of pressure vs. volume (P-V diagram).
Explanation of different thermodynamic processes using indicator diagrams.
Cyclic Process:

Definition of a cyclic process in thermodynamics.
Explanation of how a system returns to its initial state after completing a series of processes.
Analysis of work done over a cycle using P-V diagrams.
Examples of cyclic processes in heat engines.

Diagrams & intuitive explanations
Common mistakes students should avoid
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