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Explore the timeless philosophies and historical journeys of Jainism and Buddhism in this in-depth session by Pankaj Sir. Learn about the key concepts, their founders, core scriptures, and how these two major Indian religions shaped ethical and spiritual life both in India and beyond.

Jainism Overview
Jainism is an ancient Indian religious tradition rooted in the path of liberation (moksha/nirvana) for the soul (jiva). The word Jain comes from "Jina," meaning conqueror—one who overcomes passions and karmic bondages. Jainism is believed to be eternal, regularly revived by the Tirthankaras, spiritual teachers of which Mahavira is the 24th and most renowned in the current cycle. Mahavira taught self-restraint, non-violence, and a strict moral code.

Core Principles:
Three Jewels (Ratnatraya): Right Faith, Right Knowledge, Right Conduct

Five Great Vows: Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truth), Asteya (non-stealing), Brahmacharya (celibacy), Aparigraha (non-attachment)

Doctrine of Karma: Liberation comes when the soul is freed from all karmic bondage

Philosophy: Anekantavada (multiplicity of views) and Syadvada (conditional expression of truth)

Two Main Sects: Digambara (sky-clad, emphasizing austerity) and Svetambara (white-clad)

Sacred Texts: Jain Agamas, Tattvartha Sutra by Acharya Umaswati

Important Terms (Jainism):
Jina

Tirthankara

Moksha/Nirvana

Ratnatraya

Ahimsa

Kevala Jnana

Digambara

Svetambara

Anekantavada

Syadvada

Jain Agamas

Samavasarana

Angas

Purvas

Buddhism Overview
Buddhism began with Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), born at Lumbini, who renounced his royal life after experiencing the "Four Sights". After years of meditation, he attained enlightenment under the Bodhi tree and began teaching the path to freedom from suffering.

Core Principles:
Four Noble Truths: Suffering, origin of suffering, cessation, and the path to cessation

Eightfold Path: Right View, Intention, Speech, Action, Livelihood, Effort, Mindfulness, Concentration

Denial of a permanent soul; life is a combination of body-mind processes

Nirvana: Ultimate liberation from suffering and cycle of rebirth

Buddhist Councils: Organized the teachings (First in Rajagriha, Second in Vaishali, Third in Pataliputra under Ashoka, Fourth in Kashmir under Kanishka)

Major Sects: Hinayana (emphasizing individual liberation, texts in Pali, Buddha as teacher) and Mahayana (belief in Bodhisattvas, idol worship, Sanskrit texts)

Important Terms (Buddhism):
Siddhartha Gautama

Bodhi Tree

Nirvana

Four Noble Truths

Eightfold Path

Sangha

Mahaparinirvana

Hinayana

Mahayana

Bodhisattva

Dharmacakrapravartana (first sermon)

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