NCERT Geography Class 7 CH-7 Part-II HUMAN ENVIRONMENT-TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATION | मानव पर्यावरण
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TRANSPORT “परिवहन”:
Ancient ways of Transport: Walk
By Animals: donkeys, mules, bullocks and camels
Llamas: Andes Mountains of South America
Yaks in Tibet.
Major Means of Transports:
Roadways
Railways
Waterways
Airways
ROADWAYS: Metalled (pucca)
Unmetalled (kutcha)
subways/under paths: Roads built underground
Flyovers are built over raised structures.
Classification of Roadways: National Highways: Connect state capitals, major cities, and important ports.
State Highways: Connect major cities and towns within a state.
District Roads: Link district headquarters with major towns and large villages.
Rural Roads: Provide access within villages and are maintained by local authorities.
Expressways: High-speed roads with limited access that are designed for fast-moving traffic.
Border Roads: Built for strategic purposes in border areas by BRO.
longest national highway in India: The longest national highway in India is National Highway 44 (NH 44), which runs approximately 4,112 kilometers (about 2,555 miles) from Srinagar in the Kanyakumari north to in the south. It connects the country's northern and southern tips, passing through 11 states and union territories and serving as a vital north-south corridor.
Golden Quadrilateral: Connects Delhi Mumbai Chennai and Kolkata
RAILWAYS:
Types of Railways by railway gauge : Broad Gauge: The most common gauge in India, with a distance of 1676 mm (5 ft 6 in) between the two rails.
Standard Gauge: Used mainly for metro systems, such as the Delhi Metro.
Meter Gauge: Has a track distance of 1000 mm.
Narrow Gauge: Features the smallest track distance at 762 mm or 610 mm.
Types of Train in India: Passenger: Basic trains with unreserved coaches and frequent stops.
Express/Superfast: Higher-speed trains with fewer stops, such as the Duronto Express or Shatabdi Express.
Specialty Trains:
Metro Trains: Run within cities for high-speed, high-demand commuting.
Toy Trains: Scenic, narrow-gauge railways in hill stations, such as the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway.
Luxury Trains: High-end services like the Maharaja Express that provide private cabins and other amenities.
Goods Trains: Designed specifically for carrying freight.
Modern and Semi-High-Speed Trains: Vande Bharat Express: A modern, domestic, semi-high-speed train.
Gatimaan Express: One of India's first semi-fast trains.
Tejas Express: A modern, fully air-conditioned, semi-high-speed train.
Bullet Trains: India's first Mumbai–Ahmedabad bullet train project is in its final phase, targeting route completion by August 2027 & full operations by 2029.
Designed for a speed of 350km/h
WATERWAYS:
Types of Waterways: Inland Waterways:
For eg: Ganga-Brahmaputra river system, the Great Lakes in North America and the river Nile in Africa.
Sea Routes
AIRWAYS: This is the fastest way of transport
Most expensive due to high cost of fuels.
Air traffic is adversely affected by bad weather like fog and storms.
It is the only mode of transport to reach the most remote and distant areas especially where there are no roads and railways.
Helicopters are extremely useful in most inaccessible areas and in time of calamities for rescuing people and distributing food, water, clothes and medicines.
Some of the important airports are Delhi, Mumbai, New York, London, Paris, Frankfurt and Cairo.
Communication: Communication is the process of conveying information, ideas, and feelings between two or more people through verbal or nonverbal means.
It involves a sender, a message, and a receiver, and can take many forms, including spoken words, writing, signs, and body language.
Effective communication requires the sender to send a clear message and the receiver to understand it with clarity and purpose.
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