Скачать или смотреть Horryzint - Kropotkin Mutual Aid A Factor in Evolution 1

new music project, lyrics taken from kropotkin's mutual aid: "Introduction
Two aspects of animal life impressed me most during the
journeys which I made in my youth in Eastern Siberia and
Northern Manchuria. One of them was the extreme severity
of the struggle for existence which most species of animals
have to carry on against an inclement Nature; the enormous
destruction of life which periodically results from natural agencies;
and the consequent paucity of life over the vast territory
which fell under my observation. And the other was, that even
in those few spots where animal life teemed in abundance, I
failed to find — although I was eagerly looking for it — that
bitter struggle for the means of existence, among animals belonging
to the same species, which was considered by most Darwinists
(though not always by Darwin himself) as the dominant
characteristic of struggle for life, and the main factor of
evolution.
The terrible snow-storms which sweep over the northern
portion of Eurasia in the later part of the winter, and the glazed
frost that often follows them; the frosts and the snow-storms
which return every year in the second half of May, when the
trees are already in full blossom and insect life swarms everywhere;
the early frosts and, occasionally, the heavy snowfalls
in July and August, which suddenly destroy myriads of insects,
as well as the second broods of the birds in the prairies; the
torrential rains, due to the monsoons, which fall in more temperate
regions in August and September — resulting in inundations
on a scale which is only known in America and in Eastern
Asia, and swamping, on the plateaus, areas as wide as European
States; and finally, the heavy snowfalls, early in Octo5
ber, which eventually render a territory as large as France and
Germany, absolutely impracticable for ruminants, and destroy
them by the thousand — these were the conditions under which
I saw animal life struggling in Northern Asia. They made me
realize at an early date the overwhelming importance in Nature
of what Darwin described as “the natural checks to overmultiplication,”
in comparison to the struggle between individuals
of the same species for the means of subsistence, which
may go on here and there, to some limited extent, but never
attains the importance of the former. Paucity of life, underpopulation
— not over-population — being the distinctive feature
of that immense part of the globe which we name Northern
Asia, I conceived since then serious doubts — which subsequent
study has only confirmed — as to the reality of that
fearful competition for food and life within each species, which
was an article of faith with most Darwinists, and, consequently,
as to the dominant part which this sort of competition was supposed
to play in the evolution of new species.
On the other hand, wherever I saw animal life in abundance,
as, for instance, on the lakes where scores of species and millions
of individuals came together to rear their progeny; in the
colonies of rodents; in the migrations of birds which took place
at that time on a truly American scale along the Usuri; and especially
in a migration of fallow-deer which I witnessed on the
Amur, and during which scores of thousands of these intelligent
animals came together from an immense territory, flying
before the coming deep snow, in order to cross the Amur where
it is narrowest — in all these scenes of animal life which passed
before my eyes, I saw Mutual Aid and Mutual Support carried
on to an extent which made me suspect in it a feature of the
greatest importance for the maintenance of life, the preservation
of each species, and its further evolution."