Скачать или смотреть Imperial Age Qornet ed-Deir, Lebanon

Transient Pulse of Genetic Admixture
from the Crusaders in the Near East!

Identified from Ancient Genome Sequences The Crusades saw significant migration of Europeans to the Near East, with many settling in newly formed Christian states along the Mediterranean. We provide a genetic perspective on these historical events by sequencing genomes of 13 individuals from Lebanon (3rd to 13th centuries CE), including nine from a "Crusaders' pit" in Sidon—a 13th-century mass grave for Crusaders. Our findings reveal male ancestry from diverse European origins, locals indistinguishable from modern Lebanese, and mixed European-Near Eastern ancestries, indicating some admixture with locals. Despite this, no significant European admixture signatures are found in modern Lebanese, who instead share genetic continuity with populations from the Roman period.

Background: Historical migrations due to conquests and settlements have impactfully altered human genetic landscapes. Notable historical migrations include those by Mongols and Europeans in the Americas. However, not all migrations, such as the Crusaders' movement to the Near East, leave lasting genetic traces. Previous findings of European Y chromosomes in modern Lebanese populations hinted at Crusader impacts, but whole-genome analyses attribute most Lebanese ancestry to the local Bronze Age and Steppe populations.

Methods: We extracted ancient DNA (aDNA) from Crusader-era remains in Sidon and Roman-era individuals from Mount Lebanon. Despite challenges such as climatic conditions and sample rarity, genomic sequencing was performed on Illumina HiSeq 2500 with a focus on the petrous part of temporal bones for higher DNA preservation. Initial screenings led to the selection of suitable samples based on endogenous DNA content and post-mortem damage patterns.

Results: After data filtration, nine Crusader-associated samples and five Roman-era samples, showing varying coverage and minimal contamination, were analyzed. Comparative datasets were created incorporating modern and ancient genomes to explore genetic lineages and admixtures.

Conclusion: This study provides genetic insights into the Crusaders' interactions and their limited genetic contribution to modern Lebanese. Despite historical accounts of cohabitation and integration, the primary genetic architecture of Lebanese populations remains anchored to pre-Crusader times, demonstrating the complexity of genetic continuity amidst historical upheavals.

This paper reports of a SI-42 Sidon a medieval times male with Y-DNA haplogroup T-M70 which is way up stream we will focus on ERS3189333 QED-2 Qornet

ed-Deir
Roman age male with Y-DNA haplogroup T-CTS9882 Qornet ed-Deir 2 was a man who lived between 244 - 400 CE during the Roman period Age and was found in the region now known as Qornet ed-Deir, Lebanon.

He was associated with the Pre-crusader Lebanon cultural group. We first identified the biological sex of our samples by

determining the ratio of sequences aligning to the X &
Y chromosomes 22 and found that all individuals in the
Crusaders’ pit were genetically males. We then projected
the ancient Lebanese samples onto a principal component analysis. All ancient
individuals assigned in this work as either European or
Near Eastern had Y and mtDNA haplogroups that reflected
this ancestry, i.e., Europeans had Y-haplogroup R1b and
mtDNA-haplogroups H or U5, while the Near Easterners
had Y-haplogroups E, T, J, and Q and mtDNA-haplogroups
J1 or HV (Table 1). However, the admixed individuals SI-41 R-DF27
and SI-53 had Y-haplogroup R1b-P312 or R-CTS300 typically found in
Southern European males and mtDNA haplogroups HV0 and T2 pre-
sent in both Europe and the Near East. In particular, SI-41
carried the DF27 lineage, which is highly prevalent in
Iberia (up to 70% of males in Basque) and rare else-
where, 30 supporting our previous results from the
autosomal variants that this individual descended from a
European related to Northern Spanish or Basques. The
combined results from the Y and mtDNA haplogroups suggest that SI-41 and SI-53 possibly had a European father
and a Near Easterner mother, but a more complex admix-
ture scenario, where the parents themselves are admixed,
could also produce this ancestry pattern. Our tests on
the X chromosome were inconclusive about the ancestry
of SI-41 and SI-53, probably because the reduced
sequencing coverage and diversity compared with the
autosomal genome make them less powerful. Our data suggest that admixture occurred in Lebanon
during the Crusaders’ time; therefore, we sought to inves-
tigate the consequences of this admixture for the genomes
of the Lebanese by tracking the genetic changes that
occurred in Lebanon before and after the Crusades. We
started by using the SGDP set to compute the statistic
f4(Lebanon_BA, Lebanon_RP; Ancient West Eurasian, Chimpanzee) LostTribeDNA will be covering every major Letter clade in the Y Tree