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Managing heat stress in wheat, particularly terminal heat stress.

 during grain filling), involves timely sowing, selecting heat-tolerant varieties, proper irrigation, and nutrient management. Key strategies include planting in mid-November, applying potassium nitrate or potassium-based fertilizers, maintaining soil moisture with light irrigations, using zero tillage, and employing mulch to keep the root zone cool. 


Key Heat Stress Management Strategies:

Timely Sowing & Cultivar Selection:

Early Sowing: Avoid late planting to ensure the grain-filling stage does not coincide with high temperatures in March/April.

Heat-Tolerant Varieties: Use varieties bred for tolerance to high temperatures.

Irrigation and Water Management:

Critical Irrigation: Provide light and frequent irrigations, specifically at the booting, anthesis, and grain-filling stages, to manage soil moisture and reduce canopy temperature.

Efficient Methods: Use sprinkler or drip irrigation for better water use efficiency.

Nutrient and Chemical Management:

Potassium (K) Fertilization: Apply Muriate of Potash (

Potassium Nitrate (



) to help maintain plant osmotic balance and protect grain filling.

Exogenous Protectants: Foliar spray of nutrients like Zinc (Zn) and growth regulators like salicylic acid, thiourea, or calcium chloride can alleviate stress.

Cultural Practices:

Conservation Agriculture: Adopt zero-tillage or reduced tillage, which helps in retaining soil moisture and reducing soil temperature.

Mulching: Use crop residues as mulch to maintain a lower, more stable soil temperature.

Residue Management: Retaining surface residues helps lower the soil temperature compared to conventional tillage. 

Springer Nature Link +8

Impact of Heat Stress on Wheat:
Heat stress, especially above 



 for consecutive days during grain filling, accelerates maturity and reduces nutrient translocation to the grains, leading to reduced grain size, weight, and overall yield