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let’s consider what happens when language is used aggressively, dominantly, or suppressively, and what style is reflected in each case. The power dynamics embedded in these styles tell us a lot about how language can influence the way people feel, think, or act.
1. Aggressive Style:
An aggressive style is one where the speaker or writer is confrontational, often using harsh or direct language to assert dominance, challenge, or provoke. It can be used to intimidate or force submission.
• Example in English: In political debates, Donald Trump often employed an aggressive style, using insults and sharp language to attack opponents. His use of phrases like "Crooked Hillary" during the 2016 presidential campaign was a deliberate rhetorical move to undermine his opponent’s credibility in an aggressive manner.
• Example in Urdu: In some of Mirza Ghalib’s ghazals, there is an aggressive tone toward societal conventions, as he critiques love, life, and social constraints in sharp, almost defiant ways. For example, “کیا کہوں میں، کہ تمہارا خیال تھا، یا تمہارا خُود کا تھا؟” (What should I say, was it your thought, or was it your own?)
An aggressive style in language tends to use imperatives, insults, and direct attacks. The tone is forceful, often creating conflict and drawing clear lines of opposition.
2. Dominating Style:
A dominating style uses language to assert control or power over others, often making the other party feel inferior or subordinate. This can be seen in authoritarian speech or in hierarchical relationships.
• Example in English: An example of a dominating style in English is often seen in the language of bosses or managers who use commands or authoritative language. For instance, “You will submit this report by 3 PM” is a form of dominating speech that places the speaker in a position of authority.
• Example in Urdu: In many historical novels in Urdu, the language used by rulers or military leaders often reflects their domination over subjects. For example, the language of Shah Jahan or Aurangzeb in historical narratives might come across as stern, commanding, and controlling.
A dominating style uses imperatives, authoritative statements, and often passive-aggressive tactics to keep the listener in a subordinate position. It tends to be formal, cold, and detached.
3. Suppressive Style:
A suppressive style of language is used to restrict or silence voices, often through censorship or silencing dissent. It aims to shut down opposing views and maintain control by limiting the scope of acceptable discourse.
• Example in English: In totalitarian regimes, leaders often use suppressive language to control the media and public discourse. For example, in North Korea, the use of specific language to praise the leader is mandated, and any criticism is met with harsh penalties.
• Example in Urdu: During periods of political oppression, such as under military regimes in Pakistan, the language used by the government often becomes suppressive, curtailing free speech and dissent. Writers and journalists may be silenced, and the language of censorship—such as banning certain words or phrases—becomes a tool of suppression.
A suppressive style involves euphemisms, censorship, and obfuscation. The tone is often deceptive, patronizing, or forcefully neutral, attempting to suppress the voices of those who oppose or question the dominant authority.
Other Styles of Language Use:
• Persuasive Style: This style uses rhetorical strategies to convince the audience of a particular view or action. It can be seen in advertising, political speeches, and debates.
o Example: “Imagine a world where everyone has access to clean water. We can make that happen together.”
• Submissive Style: This style tends to show deference or humility, often to someone in power or authority.
o Example in Urdu: The language of a servant or subject speaking to a king or noble might be humble and deferential, such as “حضور کی اجازت ہو تو میں کچھ عرض کروں؟” (If it pleases Your Excellency, may I say something?).
• Collaborative Style: This style seeks common ground, using inclusive language and a cooperative tone.
o Example: “Let’s work together to solve this issue; I’m sure we can find a solution that works for everyone.”
*Language_rhetoric_&_power_in_stylistics
*Hindutva_ideology
*Indian_media