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Infective endocarditis (IE), also known as bacterial endocarditis, is a serious infection of the inner lining of the heart (endocardium), usually the valves. It occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and settle in the heart, forming colonies that can damage the heart valves and lead to complications such as heart failure, stroke, and even death.

IE is relatively uncommon, but it can be life-threatening, especially if left untreated. People with certain heart conditions, such as artificial heart valves or a history of rheumatic fever, are at higher risk of developing IE.

Symptoms of IE

The symptoms of IE can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the type of bacteria involved. Some common symptoms include:

Fever
Chills
Fatigue
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
Heart murmur
Small red spots on the skin (Janeway lesions)
Painful nodules under the skin (Osler's nodes)
Changes in mood or behavior
Causes of IE

IE is typically caused by bacteria that enter the bloodstream through a break in the skin or mucous membranes. These bacteria can then travel to the heart and attach to damaged areas of the endocardium.

Some common risk factors for IE include:

A history of rheumatic fever
Artificial heart valves
Injecting illegal drugs
Recent dental procedures
Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes or kidney disease
Diagnosis of IE

Diagnosing IE can be challenging, as the symptoms can be similar to other conditions. However, several tests can help diagnose IE, including:

Blood cultures
Echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart)
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Treatment of IE

IE is typically treated with intravenous antibiotics for several weeks or months. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged heart valves.

Prevention of IE

People at high risk of IE can take steps to reduce their risk, such as:

Practicing good oral hygiene
Avoiding illegal drug use
Taking antibiotics before dental procedures
Getting regular checkups with their doctor