Plant reproductive morphology

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Among all living organisms, flowers, which are the reproductive structures of
angiosperms, are the most varied physically and show a correspondingly great
diversity in methods of reproduction. Plants that are not flowering plants (green
algae, mosses, liverworts, hornworts, ferns and gymnosperms such as conifers)
also have complex interplays between morphological adaptation and environmental
factors in their sexual reproduction. The breeding system, or how the sperm from
one plant fertilizes the ovum of another, depends on the reproductive morphology,
and is the single most important determinant of the genetic structure of
nonclonal plant populations. Christian Konrad Sprengel (1793) studied the
reproduction of flowering plants and for the first time it was understood that
the pollination process involved both biotic and abiotic interactions. Charles
Darwin's theories of natural selection utilized this work to build his theory of
evolution, which includes analysis of the coevolution of flowers and their
insect pollinators.