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Ancient Greek democracy, particularly as it developed in Athens during the 5th century BC, represents one of humanity's earliest experiments in direct political participation by citizens. The Athenian democratic system emerged around 508 BC under the reforms of Cleisthenes, who is often called the "father of democracy," building upon earlier constitutional changes by Solon in the early 6th century BC. This system reached its zenith during the Age of Pericles (461-429 BC), when democratic institutions became fully developed and Athens experienced unprecedented cultural and intellectual flourishing.

The core principle was that all male citizens over 18, regardless of wealth or social status, could participate directly in the ecclesia (popular assembly), which met regularly on the Pnyx hill to debate and vote on matters of policy, war, and governance. The system included innovative features such as ostracism, introduced around 487 BC, which allowed citizens to exile prominent political figures for ten years without trial to prevent tyranny, and the use of randomly selected juries of 501 or more citizens for major court cases.

The boule, a council of 500 citizens chosen by lot from the ten tribes of Attica, prepared the agenda for the assembly and oversaw daily administration. However, this democracy was limited in scope, excluding women, slaves (who comprised about one-third of the population), and foreign residents (metics), meaning only about 10-20% of the total population could actually participate. The system faced significant challenges during the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC), including brief oligarchic coups in 411 BC and 404 BC, and was ultimately undermined by Macedonia's conquest of Greece, with traditional democratic governance ending after the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC, though some democratic forms persisted in reduced capacity until the Roman conquest was completed by 146 BC.