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2. Multi-Programming Operating System
In a Multi-Programming Operating System, multiple programs run in memory at the same time. The CPU switches between programs, utilizing its resources more effectively and improving overall system performance.

MultiProgramming operating system
Runs multiple programs in memory at the same time to maximize CPU usage.
Advantages
Better CPU Utilization: CPU stays busy by switching to another job during I/O wait.
Improved Throughput: Multiple jobs run concurrently, increasing work done per unit time.
Efficient Resource Use: CPU, memory, and I/O devices are shared effectively among processes.
Disadvantages
Complex Design: Requires advanced memory management and CPU scheduling.
Security Issues: More programs in memory increase chances of unauthorized access.
High Memory Requirement: Needs larger RAM to run multiple programs together.
Examples:

Banking systems
Railway servers
Billing machines
3. Multi-tasking/Time-sharing Operating systems
Multitasking OS is a type of multiprogramming system where each process runs in a round-robin manner. Every task gets a fixed time slice called a quantum. After the quantum ends, the OS switches to the next task, allowing multiple tasks—whether from one user or many—to run smoothly on a single system.

Types-of-OS-01
Allows multiple tasks to run by giving each a small time slice for smooth, shared system use.
Advantages
Equal CPU Access: Each task gets a fair share of CPU time.
Reduced Software Duplication: Many users can run the same software without needing separate copies.
Low CPU Idle Time: Efficient scheduling keeps the CPU busy.
Disadvantages
Lower Reliability: System failures affect all users.
Security Concerns: Multiple users increase risks to data integrity and privacy.
Communication Issues: Data sharing between users can cause conflicts.
Examples:

IBM VM/CMS
TSO (Time Sharing Option
Windows Terminal Services