tumor marker

(biomarker)

A substance found in higher-than-normal levels in blood, urine, or tissues of some people with cancer.
In addition, certain genetic changes are also used as tumor markers.

Prostate cancer, prostatitis, or benign prostatic hyperplasia:
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

Testicular cancer:
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Ovarian cancer
Cancer antigen 125 (CA-125)

Breast cancer
HER2: An oncogene, that activates signaling pathways such as protein kinase C (PKC), that promotes cell proliferation and opposes apoptosis. Therefore it must be tightly regulated to prevent uncontrolled cell growth from occurring.

(Colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, lung, breast, and medullary thyroid) carcinoma, non-neoplastic conditions (ulcerative colitis, pancreatitis, cirrhosis, COPD, Crohn's disease, hypothyroidism), smokers
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): Used in combination with BerEp4, Wilms' tumor protein (WT1), and calretinin, for false positive results.

Liver cancer or cirrhosis
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Ferritin: Iron overload.

Papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma
Thyroglobulin

Melanoma (skin cancer) (typically occur in skin)
S100B
Melanoma-inhibiting activity (MIA)
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Basal cell carcinoma (skin cancer)
BerEp4