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iOS-Style Calculator Built with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript – Line by Line Explanation

This project recreates a clean, iOS-style calculator using only HTML, CSS, and vanilla JavaScript. It focuses on layout, button logic, and UI structure without relying on external libraries or frameworks.

The document begins by declaring the HTML5 standard and setting the language to English, which improves accessibility and search engine indexing. The UTF-8 character set ensures symbols such as operators and special characters render correctly. The viewport meta tag makes the calculator responsive on all screen sizes.

The page title labels the project as a calculator and appears in the browser tab. All styling is written inside a style block to keep the project self-contained.

The body is styled to take up the full viewport height and center the calculator both vertically and horizontally. A system font stack is used so the calculator looks native across macOS, Windows, and mobile devices.

The calculator container defines the overall size, black background, rounded corners, and drop shadow to mimic a modern mobile calculator design. Padding adds spacing between the edges and the internal elements.

The display section represents the calculator screen. It uses large right-aligned text, hidden overflow, and ellipsis trimming so long numbers do not break the layout. The default value is set to zero.

The buttons container uses CSS Grid to create a four-column layout with consistent spacing between buttons. Each button is styled as a circular control with no border and a pointer cursor for interactivity.

Color classes separate functionality visually. Gray buttons are used for utility actions, dark buttons represent numbers, and orange buttons indicate mathematical operators. The zero button spans two columns and uses extra padding to match the iOS calculator layout.

Each button includes data attributes that define its behavior. Number buttons store digits, operator buttons store math operators, and action buttons define special behaviors like clear, decimal, and equals.

In JavaScript, the display element is selected so the screen text can be updated dynamically. Variables are created to track the current input, the selected operator, and the previous value.

The updateDisplay function ensures the screen always shows a value, defaulting to zero when the input is empty.

An event listener is added to every button. When clicked, the script checks whether the button represents a number, operator, or special action.

Number buttons append digits to the current value and immediately update the display. The decimal button prevents multiple decimal points from being entered in the same number.

Operator buttons store the current value, save the selected operator, and reset the input so the next number can be entered.

The clear action resets all values and restores the display to zero, simulating the AC button on a real calculator.

When the equals button is pressed, the display intentionally shows a humorous message instead of performing a calculation, then resets all stored values.

This project demonstrates core frontend concepts including event handling, dataset attributes, state management, and responsive UI layout using modern CSS and JavaScript.

HTML CSS JavaScript Calculator iOS Calculator Clone Frontend Development Web Design Coding Projects UI Design JavaScript Basics Shorts