Скачать или смотреть Milady FOUNDATIONS Chapter 6 Chemistry Chemical Safety Pages 153-160 Esthetician Nails Cosmetology

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Chapter 6 of Milady Foundations covers the essentials of chemistry and chemical safety, including the properties of matter, chemical reactions, pH, emulsions, and safe handling of products.
Matter and Its Structure
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
The basic building blocks of matter are atoms, which contain electrons, protons, and neutrons.
Elements cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means, while compounds are chemical combinations of two or more elements in definite proportions.
Molecules are two or more atoms bonded together; an elemental molecule contains atoms of the same element.
Properties of Matter
Physical properties are characteristics observable without changing the chemical identity, such as color, odor, density, and melting/boiling points.
Chemical properties describe behavior during chemical changes, such as rusting, burning, or receiving hair color through oxidation with hydrogen peroxide.
Chemical Reactions
Chemical changes create new substances with different properties; oxidation involves combining with oxygen, while reduction involves gaining hydrogen or electrons.
Redox reactions involve simultaneous oxidation and reduction.
Endothermic reactions absorb heat, while exothermic reactions release heat.
Neutralization reactions occur when acids and alkalis are combined, producing water and salt.
pH and Solutions
pH measures acidity and alkalinity on a scale of 0–14; below 7 is acidic, above 7 is alkaline, and 7 is neutral.
Alkalis (bases) counteract acids and are used to raise pH in hair products.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contain carbon and easily evaporate.
Solutions, suspensions, and emulsions are key product forms; solutions are uniform, while emulsions disperse oils in water (o/w) or water in oil (w/o) with emulsifiers.
Emulsions and Surfactants
Emulsifiers allow oil and water to mix, creating stable emulsions.
Oil-in-water emulsions (o/w), like milk, have water as the main phase.
Water-in-oil emulsions (w/o), like butter, have oil as the main phase.
Surfactants have hydrophilic heads and lipophilic tails, aiding in emulsification.
Chemical Safety
Safety Data Sheets (SDS) provide hazard information, safe handling, disposal instructions, first-aid, and toxicological effects.
Products should be mixed in well-ventilated areas.
Proper understanding of chemical properties helps prevent reactions between incompatible substances.

In summary, Chapter 6 emphasizes the science of matter and chemistry, how chemicals interact and affect hair and skin, and the importance of safety measures in handling cosmetic products. The chapter equips students with a strong foundation to apply chemistry knowledge safely in the salon.