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Are mutations truly random? Yes—but not in the way you might think. In this video, we break down what scientists mean by "random" when talking about mutations and why it’s a bit more nuanced than you might expect.

While cells don’t decide which mutations they want next and then actively cause them, mutations don’t occur with equal probability across the genome. Factors like DNA’s physical structure, repair mechanisms, and (this is currently debated) even past selection pressures can influence mutation patterns.

Recent research suggests natural selection might shape these mutation biases, shaping genome structure to prioritize protection of vital genes—much like how your skeleton evolved to protect vital organs. But how much do these biases influence evolution?

FURTHER READING
Paper on mutation bias (featured in this animation) https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/...

Paper on a mutational hotspot in Bacteria: https://www.nature.com/articles/s4146...

STATED CASUALLY VIDEOS
As mentioned, I have a series of videos on the papers claiming to show that mutations are not random. Here are links to those:

Essential genes (and random mutations)    • Do "Essential Genes" debunk evolution? Evo...  
Are Mutations Random?    • Are Mutations Random Or Do Cells Control T...  
What to make of non-random mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana?    • What to make of non-random mutation in Ara...  

SPECIAL THANKS
This video includes footage of old Soviet technology provided by the wonderful YouTube channel ‪@ChernobylFamily‬

Check out their work!

CORRECTIONS
We got a technical correction on the deamination diagram from viewer, @johnathancorgan3994:
Nicely done. Very minor nit: the cytosine structure is missing a hydrogen, and the uracil has an extra bond between the carbon and nitrogen