Скачать или смотреть What is Object Oriented Programming

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that organizes code into objects, which are instances of classes. It is based on the principles of encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.
Encapsulation:
Definition and Class Definition:
• At its core, encapsulation is about bundling data and methods into a single unit known as a class.
• (Example - Car Class) Consider a Car class. It serves as a blueprint, defining properties like 'make' and 'model,' and behaviors such as 'start_engine' and 'stop_engine.'
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Access Modifiers:
• Encapsulation often employs access modifiers like private, protected, and public.
• Private members are accessible only within the class, while public members can be accessed from outside.
• (Example - Access Modifiers in Python) Here in our Example class, we have public, protected, and private variables.
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Information Hiding:
• Encapsulation enables information hiding, concealing internal details from the outside world.
• This reduces complexity and prevents unintended interference. Users interact through a well-defined interface formed by public members.
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Getter and Setter Methods:
• To access or modify private attributes, getter and setter methods are employed.
• Getters provide read access, setters allow modification with constraints if needed.
• (Example - BankAccount Class) In our BankAccount class, we use getter and setter methods for the private balance attribute.
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Encapsulation and Security:
• Security is enhanced by restricting direct access, ensuring data is only accessed and modified through defined interfaces.
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Encapsulation and Code Maintenance:
• Encapsulation promotes code modularity, easing maintenance. Internal changes don't impact external code as long as the public interface remains unchanged.

Polymorphism:
Definition and Types of Polymorphism:
• Polymorphism, derived from Greek, means "many forms." It allows different objects to be treated as instances of a common base class.
• There are two main types of polymorphism: compile-time (method overloading) and runtime (method overriding).
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Compile-time Polymorphism (Method Overloading):
• Method overloading occurs when multiple methods share the same name but differ in parameter lists.
• The compiler determines which method to call based on the provided arguments during compile-time.
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Runtime Polymorphism (Method Overriding):
• Method overriding takes place when a subclass provides a specific implementation for a method in its superclass.
• The decision on which method to call is made at runtime, allowing for dynamic behavior.
• runtime polymorphism, involves multiple methods with the same name but different parameters
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Interfaces and Polymorphism:
• Interfaces provide a way to achieve polymorphism by defining a common set of methods.
• Objects of different classes that implement the same interface can be treated uniformly through the interface type.
Advantages of Polymorphism:
• (Visual of Code) Polymorphism brings several advantages to programming.
• It promotes code reusability by using a common interface for different object types and provides flexibility during code design.
Inheritance:
• Inheritance involves a base class providing common attributes and behaviors, serving as a blueprint.
• A derived class inherits from the base class, extending or specializing its functionality.
Syntax for Inheritance: (Visual of Code - Java Syntax) In most OOP languages, inheritance is declared using specific keywords like 'extends' in Java or ':' in Python.
• The derived class indicates the base class it inherits from and can add or override attributes and methods.

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