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a comprehensive guide to manually resolving git merge conflicts

git, the powerful version control system, is your friend, but sometimes friends argue. when you and another developer (or even your past self working on a different branch) modify the same lines in the same file, git faces a dilemma: which changes should it keep? this leads to a **merge conflict**.

instead of panicking, understand that git is simply asking for your help. it has identified overlapping changes and wants you to decide the final version. this tutorial will walk you through the process of understanding, identifying, and resolving merge conflicts manually, with illustrative code examples.

*1. understanding merge conflicts: why they happen*

merge conflicts arise when git cannot automatically determine how to combine changes from two different branches. this usually happens when:

*overlapping modifications:* two branches modify the same lines, or lines very close to each other, in the same file.
*conflicting intent:* the changes made in one branch are fundamentally incompatible with the changes in the other.

git needs you to act as the mediator, examining the conflicting sections and deciding which changes to keep, merge, or rewrite altogether.

*2. recognizing merge conflicts*

you'll know you have a merge conflict when git reports it during a merge or rebase operation. the output will typically look something like this:



or if you are rebasing:



git will also modify the conflicting file to include markers indicating the conflicting sections. these markers are:

` head`: marks the beginning of the changes in your current branch (usually the branch you're merging *into*).
`=======`: separates your changes from the changes in the branch being merged *from*.
` branch_name`: marks the end of the changes from the branch you're merging from. `branch_name` will be the name of the branch whose changes are in conflict.

**3. example: a ...

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