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The Israel-Palestine conflict is a complex and deeply rooted struggle with religious, historical, territorial, and political dimensions. It dates back more than a century and remains unresolved, despite numerous attempts at peace. Below is an overview of key events and periods in the history of the conflict:
1. Ancient History
Biblical Period: Both Jews and Arabs trace their claims to the land historically known as Canaan, which corresponds to present-day Israel and Palestine. Jews believe it was promised to them by God as described in the Hebrew Bible. The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah existed from around 1000 BCE until their conquests by Assyria and Babylon.
Roman Era (63 BCE – 135 CE): The area came under Roman control, leading to the Jewish-Roman wars, including the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. Following the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE,
2. Ottoman Period (1517–1917)
For about 400 years, the area that would become Israel and Palestine was part of the Ottoman Empire. By the late 19th century,
Zionism: In the late 19th century, the Zionist movement emerged in Europe, advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
3. British Mandate Period (1917–1948)
Balfour Declaration (1917): During World War I, Britain issued the Balfour Declaration, supporting the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine. This contradicted earlier promises made to Arab leaders for their support against the Ottomans, who were promised independence.
Mandate for Palestine (1920–1948): After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Palestine came under British administration under a League of Nations mandate. Jewish immigration to Palestine increased significantly,
Arab Revolt (1936–1939): Palestinian Arabs led a revolt against British rule and Jewish immigration. The revolt was suppressed by the British, but it led to a hardening of Arab resistance to Zionism.
4. UN Partition Plan and Creation of Israel (1947–1948)
UN Partition Plan (1947): After World War II, the United Nations proposed a partition plan to create separate Jewish and Arab states, with Jerusalem under international control. Jewish leaders accepted the plan, but Arab leaders rejected it, unwilling to give up territory they considered theirs.
1948 Arab-Israeli War: Following the declaration of the State of Israel on May 14, 1948, five Arab states (Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon) invaded. Israel successfully defended its territory and expanded its borders beyond the UN partition lines. Approximately 700,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled, an event known as the Nakba ("catastrophe"). They
5. Post-1948 Conflicts and Occupations
1949–1967: After the 1948 war, the West Bank came under Jordanian control, and Gaza was administered by Egypt.
1967 Six-Day War: In June 1967, Israel launched a pre-emptive strike against Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, who had massed troops on its borders. Israel captured the West Bank, Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Golan Heights. This war intensified the occupation of Palestinian territories and changed the geopolitical landscape.
Settlements: In the years after 1967,
6. Efforts Toward Peace and Continued Violence
Camp David Accords (1978): Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty, brokered by the U.S., in which Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in exchange for recognition of Israel
First Intifada (1987–1993): Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza revolted against Israeli occupation.
Oslo Accords (1993–1995): A historic peace process initiated between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), led by Yasser Arafat. The Oslo Accords led to the creation of the Palestinian Authority (PA),
Second Intifada (2000–2005): A second, more violent Palestinian uprising erupted after the failure of the Camp David Summit in 2000 to reach a final peace agreement. Suicide bombings, .
7. Recent Developments (2005–Present)
Israeli Disengagement from Gaza (2005): Israel unilaterally withdrew from the Gaza Strip in 2005,
Hamas and Fatah: In 2006, Hamas, a militant Islamist group, won elections in Gaza. Since then, it has controlled Gaza, while the Palestinian Authority, led by Fatah, governs parts of the West Bank.
Gaza Wars: Since 2007, there have been several wars and military operations between Israel and Hamas,
Peace Talks and Obstacles: Numerous efforts have been made to revive peace talks, including the 2003 Road Map for Peace and the Annapolis Conference in 2007, but none have led to a final agreement. Key issues, such as the borders of a future Palestinian state, the status of Jerusalem, the right of return for Palestinian refugees, and Israeli settlements, remain deeply contentious.
Trump's "Deal of the Century" (2020): The U.S.,
Abraham Accords (2020): Several Arab states, including the UAE and Bahrain,
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