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python 3: urllib vs. requests - performance comparison (with code examples)

this tutorial dives deep into comparing the `urllib` library (built-in to python) and the `requests` library (external package) for making http requests in python 3. we'll cover performance aspects, ease of use, key features, and provide illustrative code examples to help you make informed decisions about which library to use in your projects.

*why compare?*

both `urllib` and `requests` achieve the same fundamental goal: sending and receiving data over http. however, they differ significantly in their api design, complexity, and performance characteristics. understanding these differences is crucial for writing efficient and maintainable code.

*sections:*

1. *introduction to urllib*
`urllib.request`: opening and reading urls
`urllib.error`: handling errors
`urllib.parse`: parsing urls
`urllib.robotparser`: robot.txt parser

2. *introduction to requests*
simpler api
automatic decompression
json support
session management

3. *code examples (urllib vs. requests)*
basic get request
sending post data
handling http errors
setting headers
working with json data
authentication

4. *performance comparison*
benchmarking methodology
timing get requests
timing post requests
impact of keep-alive (connection pooling)
factors affecting performance (ssl, dns resolution)

5. *ease of use & readability*
api design
code clarity
error handling
documentation & community support

6. *advanced features*
sessions (urllib vs. requests)
ssl verification
proxies
timeouts
streaming responses
custom adapters

7. *when to use urllib vs. requests*
use cases for `urllib`
use cases for `requests`

8. *conclusion*

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**1. introduction to urll ...

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