4. Macrocytic Anemia | USMLE Step 1 Pathology

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Macrocytic Anemia

Macrocytic anemia is a hematological disorder characterized by the presence of abnormally large red blood cells (macrocytes) in the peripheral blood, often resulting from impaired DNA synthesis or increased red cell membrane fragility. This condition can arise due to deficiencies in vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or folate, both of which are essential for nucleotide synthesis during erythropoiesis. 💊 Vitamin B12 deficiency commonly occurs due to malabsorption, dietary insufficiency, or pernicious anemia, an autoimmune condition affecting intrinsic factor production. Folate deficiency may result from inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption, or increased utilization in conditions such as pregnancy or malignancy. Clinical manifestations of macrocytic anemia include fatigue, weakness, pallor, and neurological symptoms in severe cases of vitamin B12 deficiency. Diagnosis involves peripheral blood smear examination, complete blood count (CBC) with mean corpuscular volume (MCV) measurement, serum vitamin B12, and folate levels. Treatment aims to address the underlying cause, with supplementation of vitamin B12 or folate as necessary.

Understanding the pathophysiology and management of macrocytic anemia is essential for medical students preparing for USMLE Step 1 Pathology.

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