Vitamin K: Functions, Mechanism of Action, Deficiency etc

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Video Summary:
This video is on Biochemistry/Pharmacology of vitamin K. It covers it's functions, mechanism of action, deficiency etc. Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin. It occurs in 3 types. K1 is synthesized by plants. K2 by bacteria and K3 is synthetic and water soluble. Its daily requirement is variable as it is synthesized by intestinal flora. Is about 100 microgram per day. Dietary sources are alfalfa, spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, other GLV, egg yolk, meat and dairy products. Absorption in intestine requires bile salts. Storage occurs mainly in liver. However, it declines rapidly without regular dietary intake. Vitamin K is required for synthesis if clotting factor II, VII, IX and X. They are carbonylated by gamma glutamyl carboxylase. The reaction converts active hydroquinone form of vitamin K into inactive epoxide form. Vitamin K reductase reactivates vitamin K utilizing NADH. Carboxylation of these factors is essential for their participation in coagulation. Also, vitamin K is required for synthesis of protein C and protein S which are anticoagulant factors and osteocalcin. Its deficiency can occur in new-borns as vitamin K does not enter placenta or breast milk in enough quantity, they have low storage and do not have intestinal microflora to synthesize vitamin K. Prolonged antibiotic use destroys intestinal bacteria and cause deficiency. Malabsorption can also cause deficiency of vitamin K. In hepatocellular disease patient develop features of vitamin K deficiency at it is not utilized. Without vitamin K there is no carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in clotting factor which impairs coagulation. This increases bleeding tendency which manifests as bruising, ecchymosis, epistaxis, haematuria, gastrointestinal bleeding, post-operative haemorrhage and increased bleeding and clotting time. It is used in its dietary deficiency, malabsorption, in new-borns, poisoning with warfarin and similar oral anticoagulants, and prolonged use of antibiotics and salicylates. Vitamin K1 and 2 are considered safe. Toxicity usually occurs with vitamin K3. It includes haemolysis, hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice and precipitation of kernicterus in new-borns. So, vitamin K3 should not be used.

● Hemostasis Physiology:
• Platelet Plug Formation:    • Platelet Plug Formation is SO AMAZING  
• Blood Coagulation Cascade:    • You Will FALL IN LOVE WITH PHYSIOLOGY...  
• Clot Retraction & Fibrinolysis:    • Clot Retraction & Fibrinolysis  
• Anticoagulant Factors:    • The MOST UNDER-RATED HEROS in Our Bod...  
• Vitamin K: (Current video)

● Drugs affecting Hemostasis:
• Warfarin (Vitamin K Antagonists):    • I Will LEAVE YOUTUBE IF This Video Ge...  
• Heparin, LMWH & Fondaparinux:    • You Will Know EVERYTHING About Hepari...  
• Fibrinolytics & Antifibrinolytics:    • Fibrinolytics & Antifibrinolytics: Ph...  
• Antiplatelet Drugs:    • Antiplatelet Drugs: Aspirin, Clopidog...  

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DISCLAIMER: This video is for education purpose only. Although every effort is made to ensure accuracy of material, viewer should refer to the appropriate regulatory body/authorised websites, guidelines and other suitable sources of information as deemed relevant and applicable. In view of possibility of human error or changes in medical science, any person or organization involved in preparation of this work accepts no responsibility for any errors or omissions or results obtained from use of information in this video.