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Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Previously all living organisms were classified into living and non-living things but since then it
has long been proven that the animal kingdom is more complex than this. A common example of this is that microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, and even viruses are very different from plants and animals. The most obvious difference is their size.

Another difference is that bacteria do not have a nucleus and is therefore classified as a prokaryote. The word ‘pro' meaning before and ‘karyon' meaning nucleus. Bacteria are on average about 1000 to 10000 times smaller in volume than eukaryotes. They lack nuclei and their genetic material is present freely in the cytoplasm.

Their structures are also simpler than eukaryotes. Prokaryotes have slightly smaller ribosomes, about 18 nanometres in diameter, also denoted as 18S. They have no endoplasmic reticulum present, which is a major organelle responsible for protein transportation and synthesizing lipids and some hormones.

Since bacteria are small and simple they do not require such complex functions. Prokaryotes have few organelles present, none of which are membrane-bound. They only have a cell wall that encloses their cells. The ‘EU’ in eukaryotes means true and ‘karyon' as we mentioned before, means nucleus.

So as the name suggests eukaryotes have a nucleus or more than one nuclei in their cells and their genetic material resides inside it. They have slightly larger ribosomes, about 22 nanometre in diameter, which in most cases is attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

As eukaryotes are complex, many types of cell organelles are present which are responsible for different functions. To learn more about them please watch ‘What is a cell’ video. In the case of animals, the cell wall is not present. In the case of plants, the cell wall is present.

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Timestamp:

00:00 Introduction
00:30 Classification of living organisms
00:42 Characteristics of prokaryotes
01:25 Characteristics of eukaryotes