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This seminar investigates legal information about aliens and
foreign countries collected in two types of source. The first is Ming
official accounts of diplomatic missions. The second is popular daily
encyclopaedias (riyong leishu 日用類 書) compiled and published in south
China during the last few decades of the Ming (1368-1644). These popular works catered to the tastes of the new urban class, which sought knowledge and entertainment from self-studying guidebooks. These two types of source show that the Ming reading public conceived of a world far larger and more complex than earlier generations had imagined. The sources also recognise that although some foreign peoples might have lacked formal penal codes, they were by no means lawless. They acknowledge that communities living outside Ming territory had social orders that different differed significantly from that of the Ming state, but that those alternative
modes of justice, though exotic, were not inferior to Chinese legal systems.

The ANU China Seminar Series is supported by the Australian Centre on
China in the World at the ANU College of Asia and the Pacific.