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byte streams in java

in java, byte streams are used for handling i/o (input/output) of raw binary data. they provide a way to read and write data in terms of bytes. this is particularly useful for handling binary files, such as images, audio files, or any other non-text-based files. byte streams come under the `java.io` package and are represented by two main abstract classes: `inputstream` and `outputstream`.

key classes

1. **inputstream**: this is the abstract class for all classes representing an input stream of bytes. common subclasses include:
`fileinputstream`
`bufferedinputstream`
`bytearrayinputstream`

2. **outputstream**: this is the abstract class for all classes representing an output stream of bytes. common subclasses include:
`fileoutputstream`
`bufferedoutputstream`
`bytearrayoutputstream`

basic operations

**reading data**: data is read from an input stream using methods like `read()`, which reads the next byte of data, or `read(byte[] b)`, which reads a certain number of bytes into an array.

**writing data**: data is written to an output stream using methods like `write(int b)`, which writes the specified byte, or `write(byte[] b)` which writes an array of bytes.

sample code

below is a simple example demonstrating how to use byte streams to read from a file and write to a new file in java.

step 1: create a sample text file

first, create a simple text file named `source.txt` with some content:



step 2: java code to copy file using byte streams



explanation of the code

1. **fileinputstream and fileoutputstream**: these classes are used to read from and write to files respectively.

2. **buffered read/write**: a buffer (byte array) is created to temporarily hold data. this increases efficiency by reducing the number of read/write operations.

3. **looping through the file**: the `read()` method reads bytes into the buffer until the end of the file (eof) is reached. the `write()` method then write ...

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