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Virginia Henderson: Key Concepts in Nursing Theory

Who was Virginia Henderson?
An influential American nurse and theorist (1897–1996).
Known for the Henderson–Perrin framework and her emphasis on the patient’s independence and self-care.
Often referred to as the "first lady of nursing" for her contributions to defining the role of nursing.

Core Concept: The Need Theory (Nursing Need Theory)
Henderson proposed that the purpose of nursing is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of activities contributing to health or its recovery (or peaceful death) that the person would perform unaided if he/she had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge.

The 14 Basic Human Needs

Henderson identified 14 components that form the foundation of basic nursing care. A nurse’s role is to help the patient achieve independence in these areas:
Breathing normally
Eating and drinking adequately
Eliminating body wastes
Moving and maintaining desirable postures
Sleeping and resting
Select suitable clothes—dress and undress
Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and altering environment
Keep the body clean and well-groomed, protect the integument
Avoid noxious stimuli—protect the senses
Communicate with others effectively
Practice religion and worship according to one’s faith
Work and participate in recreation
Learn, discover, and satisfy curiosity that leads to normal development
Practice of sexuality and reproduction (as a part of human needs)

Assumptions and View of Nursing
Nursing is distinct from medicine and focuses on assisting individuals to achieve or maintain self-care.
The patient is an individual who has natural abilities and needs support to achieve independence.
The environment plays a role in health, recovery, or adaptation.

Relationship to Other Theories
Henderson’s theory complements and informs holistic nursing approaches.
It’s often compared with Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory and Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model.
Useful in both clinical practice and nursing education, particularly for promoting patient-centered care and independence.

Applications in Practice
Assess patients against the 14 needs to identify areas where nursing assistance is required.
Develop care plans that progressively enable patients to perform self-care activities.
Use as a framework for patient education, discharge planning, and goal setting.
Helpful for nursing curricula to teach the scope and aim of nursing.

Critiques
Some critics argue the 14 needs are prescriptive and may not account for cultural diversity or patient autonomy in all contexts.
Modern nursing often integrates more dynamic models of patient adaptation and clinical complexity.