How A Reciprocating pump working water pump Alternative operation and mechanical animation

A reciprocating pump is a class of positive-displacement pumps which includes the piston pump, plunger pump and diaphragm pump. When well maintained, reciprocating pumps will last for years or even decades; however, left untouched, they can undergo rigorous wear and tear.[1] It is often used where a relatively small quantity of liquid is to be handled and where delivery pressure is quite large. In reciprocating pumps, the chamber in which the liquid is trapped, is a stationary cylinder that contains the piston or plunger.
Simple hand-operated reciprocating pump. The simplest example is the bicycle pump, which is used ubiquitously to inflate bicycle tires and various types of sporting balls. The name "bicycle pump" is not really the most correct term because it generates more compression than volume displacement
Single-acting reciprocating pump: Consists of a piston of which only one side engages the fluid being displaced.[3] The simplest example would be a syringe.
Double-acting reciprocating pump: Both sides of the piston engages the fluid being displaced, with each stroke of the piston carries out both suction and expulsion at the same time. Thus it require two inflow pipes and two outflow pipes for double-acting pump.[3]
Triple-acting reciprocating pump
Wind mill water and oil pump
Hand pump
Axial piston pump
Radial piston pump
Piston, Plunger or a diaphragm: All these parts have the basic functionality of moving the liquid inside the cylinder. The piston is a lubricated sliding shaft which moves inside the cylinder and pushes the liquid in forward and backward motion, creating a cavity and a high volume pressure at the outlet. In a diaphragm pump, the diaphragm is used to avoid leaking of the liquid since it completely seals the liquid to penetrate outside, and hence they are especially useful when the liquids are dangerous or toxic. In a plunger pump, there is a high-pressure seal which is stationary and a smooth cylindrical plunger slides through the seal.
Crank and Connecting rod: Crank is a circular disk attached to the motor and used to transfer the rotary motion of the motor to the piston. Piston, in turn, moves in a reciprocating motion with help of a connecting rod.
Suction pipe: Liquid flows from this pipe into the cylinder. One side of the pipe is immersed in the liquid and the other end is connected to the cylinder.
Delivery pipe: This can be understood as an outlet pipe. One end is connected to the cylinder while the other is towards the discharge/Outlet.
Suction and Delivery valve: It adjusts the rate of the flow of liquid at the suction and discharge points.
Reciprocating pumps are different from Centrifugal pumps on basis of its working, features, applications etc. The main difference is that Impellers are used in Centrifugal pumps whereas in reciprocating pumps piston is used to move the liquid. Centrifugal pumps continuously discharge the liquid, unlike reciprocating pumps. They are used for high viscous fluid and are lighter in weight, less expensive as compared to reciprocating pumps.

The basic Quality standards of reciprocating pumps include ISO13710, API (American Petroleum Institute) standard 674, API standard 675 “Positive Displacement Pumps- Reciprocating” and Reciprocating Pump Standards, Hydraulic Institute.

Brake Horsepower (BHP): How much is the actual power requirement at the input shaft to achieve a desired pressure and flow.
Capacity: It can be defined as the total volume of liquid/flow delivered per unit of time.
Slips: Slip is the capacity loss as a fraction or percentage of the suction capacity.
Mechanical efficiency: Its working at full load pressure and speed is 90% to 95% depending on the size, speed, and construction.
Pressure: Mainly, the suction and the discharge pressure in a pump.
Displacement: Also known as GPM, it is the calculated capacity of the pump with no slip losses.
Reciprocating pump terms are based on how the fluid is pumped (action) and the number of plungers or pistons (arrangement). For example, a Union TX-200 is a "single acting triplex plunger pump", a Gaso 1849 is a "double acting duplex plunger pump", and an Oilwell B-558 is a "single acting quintuplex plunger pump".

Reciprocating pumps have thee types of "actions". Single, Dual, and Direct Action:
Single-acting reciprocating pump: This has one suction valve and one discharge valve. When the piston is moved backward, suction happens and when it moves forward, the delivery valve opens up to discharge the liquid.
Double-acting reciprocating pump: Unlike single acting pump, here there are two suction and delivery valves. When the piston is moved forward or backward, with each stroke, both suction and expulsion happen simultaneously.
Simplex, Duplex, triplex, Quintuplex Pumps: Many reciprocating type pumps are simplex(one), duplex (two) or triplex (three) cylinder.

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