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Episode 3 Summary of the Discussion

Steps to Refute Doubt in the Existence of God—Glorified and Exalted—From a Doctrinal Perspective

1. The Rational Argument*

This approach relies on reason or follows the rationalist methodology, which is based on three principles:

1. Rationalism versus Revelation – The monotheist prioritizes what revelation states.

For monotheists, the central focus is God—Glorified and Exalted—while for atheists, the focus is humanity (humanism).

The monotheist seeks this world for the sake of the Hereafter, whereas the atheist seeks this world for its own sake.

Some who deny prophethood believe that humanity has reached a level of awareness that renders prophethood unnecessary.

Another form of denying prophethood is rejecting the notion that God—Glorified and Exalted—sent prophets, instead viewing them as individuals who established religions, formulated laws based on personal reasoning, and crafted an image of a deity that suited their religion.



2. Detailed Knowledge – Certainty regarding the occurrence or non-occurrence of something.


3. General Knowledge – A state of uncertainty with multiple possibilities.



2. The Inferential Argument

3. The Inductive Argument – The certainty of a proposition increases with the accumulation and repetition of evidence.

Types of Certainty

1. Logical Certainty – Knowledge of a proposition's truth and the impossibility of its falsehood.


2. Subjective Certainty – Not based on objective justifications.


3. Objective Certainty



When Can We Say That a Consideration Is True or False?

Absolute Chance – The occurrence of something without any cause, which is impossible.

Relative Chance – The occurrence of a specific event due to causes unknown to some but known to others.


Note: This summary does not replace watching the lecture, as it condenses information and presents what the summarizer considers the essence of the episode, meaning some important details may have been omitted accidentally or unknowingly.



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