Скачать или смотреть THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

In the late eighteenth century, France, a nation known for its wealth, culture, and royal grandeur, found itself collapsing under the weight of inequality, hunger, and political tension. Society was divided into three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the Third Estate, which consisted of ordinary people who made up nearly the entire population yet carried nearly all the taxes. Years of war, bad harvests, and extravagant royal spending pushed France into financial crisis, while Enlightenment thinkers like Rousseau and Voltaire inspired people to question the king’s absolute authority. Bread prices rose dramatically, riots spread, and frustration boiled over. When King Louis XVI called the Estates-General in 1789 to address the crisis, the Third Estate demanded real representation. Denied fairness, they declared themselves the National Assembly and took the historic Tennis Court Oath, vowing to create a constitution. This marked the beginning of a revolution that would reshape the modern world.
The turning point came on July 14, 1789, when angry Parisians stormed the Bastille, a prison symbolizing royal tyranny. Its fall signaled that the people were ready to fight for their rights. Revolution spread into the countryside, where peasants rose up during the Great Fear, destroying feudal records and demanding an end to centuries of oppression. In response, the National Assembly abolished feudalism and introduced the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, declaring liberty, equality, and fraternity as core principles of the new France.
But the struggle for a just society was far from over. Food shortages continued, and tensions between the king and the revolutionaries grew. In October 1789, thousands of women marched from Paris to Versailles demanding bread and justice, forcing the royal family to return to Paris under public supervision. Trust broke completely when Louis XVI attempted to flee the country in 1791, revealing his rejection of the revolution. Meanwhile, foreign monarchies threatened war to stop revolutionary ideas from spreading, and France soon found itself fighting enemies outside and within.
Radical leaders like Maximilien Robespierre rose to power, arguing that the revolution could survive only through strict control. The monarchy was abolished, and Louis XVI was executed in 1793. During the Reign of Terror, the Committee of Public Safety carried out mass executions, believing harsh measures were necessary to protect the republic. Thousands were executed by guillotine, and fear dominated the nation. Eventually, the revolution turned against Robespierre himself, and he was executed in 1794, ending the bloodiest phase.
France attempted stability through a new government called the Directory, but corruption and chaos persisted. Amid this disorder, a young military general, Napoleon Bonaparte, rose to prominence. In 1799, he seized power in a coup and eventually crowned himself Emperor, bringing the revolution to a close. Yet the ideas born during the French Revolution—citizen rights, equality before the law, and the belief that power belongs to the people—continue to shape the modern world.

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