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Different types of shallow foundations;
1. Isolated footing
2. Combined footing
3. Strip foundation
4. Raft or mat foundation
Isolated Footing:
The isolated footing is used to support individual columns. They can be either of steeped type or have projections in the concrete-base. it is provided in cases where the bearing capacity of the soil is good at shallower depths. It is easy to construct.
Combined Footing:
Combined footing supports the land of two or more adjacent columns. There are two types of combined footing, rectangular combined footing and trapezoidal combined footing. Combined footings are provided when distance between two columns is small and soil bearing capacity of soil is lower and their footings overlap with each other. When two columns are close together and separate isolated footings would overlap, in such case, it is better to provide a combined footing than isolated footing.
Strip Foundation:
Strip foundations are used where the soil is of good bearing capacity. The key sizes of a strip foundation for concrete cavity wall construction and timber frame cavity wall construction are similar. The size and position of the strip is directly related to the overall width of the wall. Strip foundations can be used for most subsoils, but are most suitable for soil which is of relatively good bearing capacity. They are particularly suited to light structural loadings such as those found in many low-rise or medium-rise domestic buildings – where mass concrete strip foundations can be used. In other situations, reinforced concrete may be required.
Raft or Mat Foundation:
Raft foundation is the continuous slab, which is resting on the hard soil, which extends over the entire building footprint. It declines the contact pressure in comparison with conventional strip or trench footing. Raft foundation is also known as Mat foundation. Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure over a large area, normally the entire area of the structure. They are used when column loads or other structural loads are close together and individual pad foundations would interact. A raft foundation normally consists of a concrete slab that extends over the entire loaded area. It may be stiffened by ribs or beams incorporated into the foundation. It has the advantage of reducing differential settlements as the concrete slab resists differential movements between loading positions.


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