Frostbite, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, DIagnosis and Treatment.

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Chapters

0:00 Introduction
1:59 Causes of Frostbite
3:38 Symptoms of Frostbite
3:54 Diagnosis of Frostbite
4:18 Treatment of Frostbite



Frostbite is a skin injury that occurs when exposed to extreme low temperatures, causing the freezing of the skin or other tissues,[1] most commonly affecting the fingers, toes, nose, ears, cheeks and chin areas.[6] The initial symptom is typically numbness.[1] This may be followed by clumsiness with a white or bluish color to the skin.[1] Swelling or blistering may occur following treatment.[1] The hands, feet, and face are most commonly affected.[4] Complications may include hypothermia or compartment syndrome.[2][1]

People who are exposed to low temperatures for prolonged periods, such as winter sports enthusiasts, military personnel, and homeless individuals, are at greatest risk.[7][1] Other risk factors include drinking alcohol, smoking, mental health problems, certain medications, and prior injuries due to cold.[1] The underlying mechanism involves injury from ice crystals and blood clots in small blood vessels following thawing.[1] Diagnosis is based on symptoms.[3] Severity may be divided into superficial (1st and 2nd degree) or deep (3rd and 4th degree).[2] A bone scan or MRI may help in determining the extent of injury.[1]

Prevention is through wearing proper clothing, maintaining hydration and nutrition, avoiding low temperatures, and staying active without becoming exhausted.[2] Treatment is by rewarming.[2] This should be done only when refreezing is not a concern.[1] Rubbing or applying snow to the affected part is not recommended.[2] The use of ibuprofen and tetanus toxoid is typically recommended.[1] For severe injuries iloprost or thrombolytics may be used.[1] Surgery is sometimes necessary.[1] Amputation, however, should generally be delayed for a few months to allow determination of the extent of injury.[2]