abstract method vs interface

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in object-oriented programming, both abstract methods and interfaces are used to achieve abstraction, but they serve different purposes and have distinct characteristics. here’s an informative tutorial on their differences, along with code examples in java to illustrate the concepts.

abstract method

an abstract method is a method that is declared without an implementation. abstract methods are part of abstract classes. when a class contains one or more abstract methods, it must be declared as an abstract class. abstract classes can also have concrete methods (methods with implementations).

characteristics of abstract methods:
1. **cannot be instantiated**: you cannot create an instance of an abstract class.
2. **may contain concrete methods**: abstract classes can have both abstract and concrete methods.
3. **can have instance variables**: abstract classes can have fields (instance variables).
4. **supports inheritance**: subclasses must implement the abstract methods.

example of abstract method



interface

an interface is a reference type in java that is similar to a class, but it can only contain method signatures (abstract methods) and final variables (constants). interfaces cannot have concrete methods (prior to java 8), but from java 8 onwards, they can have default and static methods.

characteristics of interfaces:
1. **cannot be instantiated**: you cannot create an instance of an interface.
2. **only abstract methods (prior to java 8)**: interfaces can only declare methods (no implementations) unless they have default or static methods.
3. **multiple inheritance**: a class can implement multiple interfaces, thus overcoming the limitation of single inheritance in classes.
4. **no instance variables**: interfaces cannot have instance variables, only constants.

example of interface



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| feature | abstract class | interface |
|--------------------------|------------------ ...

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