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Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (PNES)

Definition:
Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (PNES) are episodes that appear similar to epileptic seizures but are not caused by neurological factors. Instead, they result from psychological issues such as stress, emotional conflict, or mental disorders. These seizures are not linked to abnormal electrical activity in the brain, as is the case with epilepsy.

Causes:
The primary causes of PNES include various mental health issues, such as:

Extreme stress and anxiety
Emotional trauma or traumatic events
Depression
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Other psychological disorders and emotional conflicts
Risk Factors:
Several risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing PNES, including:

History of mental health disorders
Previous emotional or physical trauma
Family stress and conflict
Lack of social support
Unresolved psychological issues
Diagnosis:
Diagnosing PNES can be challenging because its symptoms mimic those of epileptic seizures. Accurate diagnosis typically involves:

Electroencephalogram (EEG) testing: To monitor the brain's electrical activity
Video monitoring: To record activities during seizures
Medical history and mental health evaluation
Treatment:
Treatment for PNES focuses on addressing mental health issues and may include:

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): To change thoughts and behaviors
Psychotherapy: To resolve emotional and psychological problems
Stress management techniques: Such as yoga, meditation, and other relaxation methods
Medications: If concurrent mental health disorders are present

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