Скачать или смотреть Basics of Carbohydrate

Carbohydrate metabolism refers to the biochemical processes that convert carbohydrates into energy in the form of ATP or store them for later use. The process begins with the digestion of dietary carbohydrates into simple sugars like glucose, which enters cells through transporters like GLUT proteins. Glycolysis is the first step, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate, yielding ATP and NADH. Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the mitochondria for the citric acid cycle, producing more ATP, NADH, and FADH₂. These electron carriers drive the electron transport chain, culminating in oxidative phosphorylation.
In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate undergoes fermentation to lactate. Excess glucose is stored as glycogen through glycogenesis, primarily in the liver and muscles, and can be mobilized via glycogenolysis. Gluconeogenesis, the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, ensures glucose availability during fasting. Carbohydrate metabolism is tightly regulated by hormones like insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine.
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