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Waves of Democracy — Origins, Features, and Contemporary Relevance
This lecture explains the concept of Waves of Democracy: what political scientists mean by a “wave,” the major waves (first, second, third, and recent patterns), their causes, characteristic features, and key examples. We break down the theory, compare structural and agency explanations, evaluate democratic backsliding and reversals, and give exam‑ready points for PSIR/UPSC aspirants. Includes model answer structure, quick revision notes, and contemporary case studies.
What you’ll learn
Definition of a democratic wave and how it differs from isolated transitions.
Major waves: timing, drivers, and hallmark cases.
Causes: domestic factors, international influences, economic development, and diffusion.
Outcomes: consolidation, hybrid regimes, and reversals/backsliding.
How to answer PYQs: structure, key points, and examples for high‑scoring answers.

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