Скачать или смотреть Venus: Planet of Volcanic Secrets! A Venus Exploration Journey from Magellan to Phoenix Express

NASA played a minor role in the early exploration of Venus.

However, in 1989, the space shuttle Atlantis launched carrying the Milan probe.

Like the Vanera spacecraft before it, the Milan probe was bound for Venus. Using radar to map the planet's surface, it was the first interplanetary spacecraft launched from a space shuttle.

After a 15-month cruise, the Milan probe reached Venus and entered an elliptical orbit to reduce costs. The probe was built from spare parts left over from previous NASA missions. After some software problems, mapping began, and the images it transmitted remained the highest resolution images we have of the Venusian surface. Images of low-lying volcanic craters and lava channels were evidence of a highly active surface. The thick atmosphere prevented all but the largest meteoroids from reaching the Venusian surface, and only a few impact craters were visible. However, evidence of the tectonic plates sculpting the surface was not evident.

After the mapping. Venus Mellen changed its orbit and mapped gravitational anomalies on Venus. Localized gravitational changes correspond to Earth's surface characteristics, but this is not true. A new, bare picture of Venus has emerged. The surface appears to have been completely reshaped about half a billion years ago. However, although volcanoes and lava tubes are common features on Venus, Mellen was unable to find evidence of ongoing volcanic activity on the planet.

In 2006, the European Space Agency's Venus Express probe entered orbit around Venus, focusing on long-term analysis of the planet's atmosphere.

During its eight-year mission, it recorded a sharp increase in sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere. This may have been due to changes in wind patterns, but it could also be a sign of volcanic activity. The researchers also observed an increase in infrared radiation coming from three different volcanic sites, more circumstantial evidence of current volcanic activity. Finally, the infrared team observed short-term temperature changes that fluctuated over the course of just a few days. It appears that volcanoes may still be active on Venus. [Music] The mission concluded in 2015 with a series of upper-atmosphere touchdowns, which confirmed unexpected ripples in the middle atmosphere.

Not much has happened in the field of Venus exploration since the Venus Express mission, although detailed plans exist for future missions to Venus, and nothing has been funded yet.

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