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Human papillomavirus, or HPV, is one of the most common viral infections in the world, with more than 200 related types. Most HPV infections cause no symptoms and clear on their own, but some types can lead to serious health problems.
HPV types are divided into low-risk and high-risk. Low-risk types, like HPV 6 and 11, cause warts and do not cause cancer. High-risk types, especially HPV 16 and 18, can persist for years and are responsible for most cases of cervical cancer, as well as cancers of the anus, vagina, vulva, penis, and throat.
HPV spreads mainly through skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity, and infection can occur even when there are no visible symptoms. Because most people don’t know they are infected, regular screening—especially cervical screening with Pap and HPV tests—is vital for early detection.
There is no cure for HPV, but the body clears most infections naturally. Prevention is key: HPV vaccination, safe sexual practices, and regular screening can dramatically reduce the risk of HPV-related cancers.
HPV is common—but HPV-related cancers are largely preventable.