An audio codec, or audio decoder is a device or computer program capable of encoding or decoding a digital data stream (a codec) that encodes or decodes audio.
In software, an audio codec is a computer program implementing an algorithm that compresses and decompresses digital audio data according to a given audio file or streaming media audio coding format.
The objective of the algorithm is to represent the high-fidelity audio signal with a minimum number of bits while retaining quality.
This can effectively reduce the storage space and the bandwidth required for transmission of the stored audio file.
Most modern audio compression algorithms are based on modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) coding and linear predictive coding (LPC).
A hardware-based audio codec is primarily for analog audio data to be encoded or decoded.
The quality of an audio file is dependent primarily on three variables: sample rate, sample depth and bit rate. These variables are used when analog audio is converted into digital audio, and affect the overall audio quality. The higher each of these three variables are, the better your audio is going to sound.
Sample rate:
The sampling rate (or sampling frequency) refers to the number of times a sample of an audio file is taken in a second or the number of samples recorded in a single second. It is measured in samples per second or Hertz (Hz/kHz). These samples are taken at equal intervals, and affect the depth of the audio. The more samples there are in a second, the greater detail that audio signal is going to carry.
Sample rate in audio is analogous to frame rate in video. The higher the frame rate, the more depth and detail you can capture of every split-second within the video and the smoother the end product is going to be. The most common values for sample rate are 44.1kHz (most common for music CDs), and 48kHz (most common for audio tracks in movies).
Sample depth:
Sample depth/sample size or sample precision, is the level of detail or quality each sample has.
While sample rate is just a quantitative measure of the number of samples in a second, the sample depth represents the quality of each recorded sample.
As with sample rate, sample depth can also be compared to video/image quality by being analogous to 8bit or 16bit images. The bit depth of an image affects how many colors it will be able to represent. A picture that has a higher bit depth will host pixels that are more color-accurate since the pixel will have a larger color palette to be able to show the picture as realistically as possible.
Bit-depth refers to the number of ‘bits’ to every sample. For high-quality audio, you’re looking for a high bit-depth (at the very least exceeding 16-bit which is what a CD has).
Bit rate:
Bitrate is the term used to describe the amount of data being transferred into audio.
The bit rate is the product of the sample rate and sample depth. Measured in bits per second (bps or kbps), it makes the audio quality sound more ‘crisp’ or focused. Audio files with low bit rate sound poor, but save a significant amount of both storage space and processing power since they’re much smaller in size.
In order to compress an audio file to be significantly smaller in size, certain data is strategically removed from the file. The data removed is almost always frequencies that are not audible by the human ear. Removing this data leads to a considerable amount of information being taken out from the bit stream, resulting in an overall smaller file size.
Audio CD bitrate is always 1,411 kilobits per second (Kbps).
The MP3 format can range from around 96 to 320Kbps, and streaming services like Spotify range from around 96 to 160Kbps.
How many bits is good audio?
For consumer/end-user applications, a bit depth of 16 bits is perfectly fine. For professional use (recording, mixing, mastering or professional video editing) a bit depth of 24 bits is better. FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec)
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