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📌 Volleyball Rules & Regulations Every Referee Must Know 🏐⚖️
A volleyball referee plays a crucial role in ensuring fair play and enforcing the rules of the game. Here’s a breakdown of the most important rules and regulations a referee must know:

🔹 1. Match Format & Scoring System
✅ A match is played in a best-of-5 sets format.
✅ Each set is played to 25 points, except the 5th set, which is played to 15 points.
✅ A team must win a set by at least 2 points (e.g., 25-23 or 15-13).
✅ Rally scoring system: Every rally results in a point, regardless of which team serves.

🔹 2. Court & Player Positions
✅ Each team has 6 players on the court.
✅ Players must rotate clockwise after winning a rally on the opponent’s serve.
✅ Back-row players cannot attack from in front of the 3-meter attack line unless they jump from behind it.
✅ Libero (defensive specialist) cannot attack, block, or serve.

🔹 3. Serving Rules
✅ The server must serve from behind the end line.
✅ The ball must cross the net without touching any teammate.
✅ If the ball hits the net but lands in bounds, it’s still a legal serve.
✅ A foot fault occurs if the server steps over the end line before hitting the ball.

🔹 4. Ball Contact Rules
✅ Each team can touch the ball a maximum of three times before sending it over the net.
✅ The same player cannot hit the ball twice in a row (except during a block).
✅ Lifting or carrying the ball is considered a foul.
✅ Blocking is not considered a team touch, meaning a team can play the ball again after a block.

🔹 5. Blocking & Attacking Rules
✅ Front-row players can block, but back-row players cannot block at the net.
✅ A player cannot touch the net while blocking or attacking.
✅ If the ball touches the antenna or lands outside the court, it is out.
✅ A block cannot be used to deflect a serve directly back over the net.

🔹 6. Net Violations & Faults
✅ Players cannot touch the net during play (except if the ball forces the net into them).
✅ Players cannot reach over the net to attack unless the ball is coming toward them.
✅ Crossing the centerline is a fault unless a player does not interfere with the play.

🔹 7. Substitutions & Timeouts
✅ Each team is allowed 6 substitutions per set.
✅ Each team gets two timeouts per set (30 seconds each).
✅ A libero substitution does not count toward the total substitutions.

🔹 8. Referee's Authority & Signals
✅ The first referee (head referee) stands on the referee stand and has the final decision on all calls.
✅ The second referee (assistant referee) stands on the ground near the post and oversees substitutions, rotations, and net faults.
✅ Line judges signal whether the ball is in or out, and whether a player touches the ball before it goes out.
✅ The referee can issue yellow and red cards for misconduct:

Yellow Card = Warning
Red Card = Penalty (Point awarded to the opponent)
Red + Yellow Together = Disqualification
🔹 9. Key Situations Requiring a Referee’s Decision
✅ Double Contact: If a player touches the ball twice in a row (except during a block).
✅ Four Touches: If a team uses more than three touches before sending the ball over.
✅ Antenna Violations: If the ball crosses outside the antenna.
✅ Ball in or Out: If the ball lands on the line, it is IN; if outside, it is OUT.
✅ Illegal Back-row Attack: If a back-row player jumps in front of the attack line to spike the ball.

🔹 10. Fair Play & Sportsmanship
✅ The referee must ensure fair play and penalize any unsportsmanlike behavior.
✅ Players should respect the referee’s decisions at all times.
✅ Coaches can request video reviews (if technology is available).

📌 Conclusion
As a referee, understanding and enforcing these rules ensures a fair and exciting volleyball match! Whether it's a simple service violation or a game-changing block, referees must be sharp and decisive.

🏐 Stay fair, stay alert, and make the right calls! 🏐

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