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okay, let's dive into how to work with asynchronous javascript in modern esnext without relying on promises or observables directly. while promises and observables are powerful, understanding alternatives and underlying mechanisms can lead to more robust and maintainable code, especially when dealing with complex asynchronous scenarios.

*disclaimer:* this tutorial leans heavily on `async/await`, callback functions, and manual event handling. promises and observables are often the better choice for complex scenarios due to their more elegant syntax and composability. this tutorial is primarily for educational purposes and understanding the underlying mechanics.

*table of contents:*

1. *understanding asynchronous javascript (a review)*
2. *the problems promises and observables solve (and why we might skip them)*
3. *the core techniques: callbacks and events*
4. *`async/await` as syntactic sugar*
5. *manual event emitters*
6. *handling concurrent operations*
7. *error handling*
8. *code examples: practical scenarios*
9. *alternatives and considerations*
10. *why you might *actually want promises or observables anyway**

*1. understanding asynchronous javascript (a review)*

*synchronous execution:* javascript, by default, is single-threaded. this means code executes line by line, in order. if a line takes a long time (e.g., waiting for a network request), the entire program pauses.

*asynchronous execution:* asynchronous operations allow the program to continue executing other tasks while waiting for a long-running operation to complete. examples include:

fetching data from a server
reading files from disk
user events (e.g., clicks, keypresses)
timers (e.g., `settimeout`, `setinterval`)

*the event loop:* javascript achieves concurrency through the event loop. it constantly monitors a queue of tasks (the event queue). when the call stack (where synchronous code executes) is ...

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Brian Holt
promises
observables
ES Next
JavaScript
asynchronous programming
reactive programming
code simplicity
event handling
JavaScript best practices
functional programming
performance optimization
state management
web development
modern JavaScript