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setting up authorization for public apis: a comprehensive tutorial

public apis, by their nature, are designed to be accessible to anyone. however, uncontrolled access can lead to abuse, resource exhaustion, security vulnerabilities, and ultimately, harm your system. therefore, even "public" apis need robust authorization mechanisms to manage who can access them, how they can access them, and what they can do with the data they retrieve.

this tutorial will delve into the core concepts of api authorization, explore different authorization methods, and provide practical code examples to help you implement a secure authorization layer for your public apis.

*i. understanding the fundamentals*

before diving into specific implementations, let's clarify some key concepts:

*authentication vs. authorization:* these are often confused, but are distinct:
*authentication:* verifying the identity of the client making the request. it answers the question: "who are you?". examples include username/password, api keys, or oauth 2.0 flows that return a user profile.
*authorization:* determining what the authenticated client is allowed to do. it answers the question: "what are you allowed to do?". authorization is enforced after authentication.

*api keys:* a simple form of authentication and limited authorization. they are unique identifiers issued to developers or applications. while easier to implement, they lack fine-grained control and are susceptible to leakage.

*oauth 2.0:* an industry-standard authorization framework that enables secure delegated access. it allows users to grant third-party applications access to their resources without sharing their credentials.

*jwt (json web token):* a compact, self-contained, and cryptographically signed json object used to securely transmit information between parties as a json object. often used in conjunction with oauth 2.0 for representing claims about the user.

**rbac (role-bas ...

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API authorization
public APIs
authentication methods
OAuth 2.0
API keys
access tokens
user permissions
secure API access
token validation
role-based access control
API security best practices
client credentials
resource owner password credentials
authorization flow
API management