2 Musculoskeletal system sixth part

Lecture Points: Anatomy of the Musculoskeletal System with Focus on Upper and Lower Limbs*

Introduction to the Musculoskeletal System**
*Definition**: A system providing support, movement, and protection, consisting of bones, muscles, joints, and connective tissues.
*Components**:
Bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.
*Importance**:
Understanding this system is essential for diagnosing injuries, performing procedures, and understanding body mechanics.
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#### 2. General Functions of the Musculoskeletal System
Support and shape to the body.
Protection of vital organs.
Movement through coordination of bones and muscles.
Mineral storage and blood cell production (bones).

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Anatomy of the Upper Limb
#### 3. Overview of Upper Limb Components
**Regions**: Shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, hand.
**Functions**: Provides mobility, dexterity, and manipulation of objects.

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#### 4. Bones of the Upper Limb
**Shoulder Girdle**: Clavicle, scapula.
**Arm (Brachium)**: Humerus.
**Forearm**: Radius (lateral) and ulna (medial).
**Hand**:
Carpals (8 bones): Scaphoid, lunate, etc.
Metacarpals (5 bones).
Phalanges (14 bones): Proximal, middle, distal.

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5. Joints of the Upper Limb**
Shoulder Joint: Ball-and-socket joint (glenohumeral joint).
Elbow Joint: Hinge joint allowing flexion and extension.
Wrist Joint: Radiocarpal joint.
Hand Joints**: Interphalangeal (IP), metacarpophalangeal (MCP), carpometacarpal (CMC).
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6. Muscles of the Upper Limb**
Shoulder Muscles**: Deltoid, rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis).
Arm Muscles**:
Anterior**: Biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis.
Posterior**: Triceps brachii.
**Forearm Muscles**:
Flexors**: Flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus.
Extensors**: Extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum.
**Hand Muscles**: Thenar (thumb), hypothenar (little finger), lumbricals.
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7. Neurovascular Supply of the Upper Limb**
**Nerves**: Brachial plexus (axillary, radial, ulnar, median).
**Arteries**: Subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial, ulnar.
**Veins**: Cephalic, basilic, brachial veins.

Anatomy of the Lower Limb**
8. Overview of Lower Limb Components**
**Regions**: Pelvic girdle, thigh, leg, foot.
**Functions**: Provides stability, weight-bearing, and locomotion.
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9: Bones of the Lower Limb**
*Pelvic Girdle: Ilium, ischium, pubis.
*Thigh: Femur (largest bone).
*Leg: Tibia (medial, weight-bearing), fibula (lateral).
*Foot:
Tarsals (7 bones): Calcaneus, talus, navicular, etc.
Metatarsals (5 bones).
Phalanges (14 bones).

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#### 10. Joints of the Lower Limb
**Hip Joint**: Ball-and-socket joint (head of femur, acetabulum).
**Knee Joint**: Hinge joint with menisci and ligaments.
**Ankle Joint**: Hinge joint (talocrural).
**Foot Joints**: Subtalar, tarsometatarsal, interphalangeal.
11. Muscles of the Lower Limb
**Hip Muscles**:
Gluteal group: Gluteus maximus, medius, minimus.
Adductors: Adductor longus, brevis, magnus.
**Thigh Muscles**:
**Anterior**: Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus muscles).
**Posterior**: Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus).
**Medial**: Gracilis, adductor group.
**Leg Muscles**:
**Anterior**: Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus.
**Posterior**: Gastrocnemius, soleus.
**Foot Muscles**: Intrinsic muscles for toe movement.
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12. Neurovascular Supply of the Lower Limb
*Nerves: Lumbar and sacral plexuses (femoral, sciatic, tibial, common peroneal).
*Arteries: Femoral, popliteal, tibial, dorsalis pedis.
*Veins: Great saphenous, small saphenous, femoral veins.
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13. Clinical Correlations and Practical Applications
**Upper Limb**:
Fractures: Clavicle, humerus, Colles’ fracture of the radius.
Nerve injuries: Carpal tunnel syndrome (median nerve), wrist drop (radial nerve).
Shoulder dislocation and rotator cuff injuries.
**Lower Limb**:
Fractures: Femoral neck, tibia, ankle fractures.
Hip dislocations.
Common nerve injuries: Sciatic nerve compression, foot drop (common peroneal nerve).
**Paramedical Relevance**:
Proper limb positioning for splinting and immobilization.
Identifying anatomical landmarks for injections and venous access.
Physiotherapy and rehabilitation.
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Study Tips*
Use skeleton models and 3D visualization tools.
Practice palpating landmarks (e.g., medial epicondyle, greater trochanter).
Relate anatomy to clinical cases for better retention.
Group similar structures and focus on their functions.
This structure ensures a comprehensive understanding of the musculoskeletal system with an emphasis on the upper and lower limbs, crucial for paramedical practice