The First Kings of Europe: The Varna Culture

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The Varna Necropolis, Bulgaria contains the earliest gold treasure in the world, dating to 4500 BC.

These Chalcolithic graves of Old Europe contained more than 3,000 gold artefacts weighing over six kilograms. That's more than anywhere else in the fifth millennium BC, including Mesopotamia and Egypt. Instead of the glorious civilisations of the near east, the world's first goldsmiths lived on the shores of the Black Sea.

But what was the Varna Culture? How did they accumulate so much treasure? And what happened to them?

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-- Video Sources --

The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC ➜ https://amzn.to/3S0PuGJ
Prehistoric Copper Mining in Europe - William O'Brian ➜
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A History of Metallurgy - RF Tylecote ➜ https://amzn.to/3s2Go1Y
The First Farmers of Europe: An Evolutionary Perspective - Stephen Shennan ➜ https://amzn.to/3wNDcqA
On the Invention of Gold Metallurgy - Verena Leusch et al (2014)
The genomic history of southeastern Europe - Mathieson et al (2018)
Varna culture: an autonomous phenomenon or a local version of the Kodzhadermen-Gumelnitsa-Karanovo VІ cultural complex - Viktoria Petrova (2016)

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-- Video Chapters --

00:00 The Varna Culture
01:26 Video Sponsorship
02:27 Varna Necropolis burials
07:40 Cenotaph symbolic burials
11:10 Old Europe
13:22 Varna Trade Networks
14:18 Varna Chiefs
15:22 The Varna King
16:50 Varna culture DNA
18:27 the Fall of the Varna culture