Скачать или смотреть Elutriation | Efflorescence | Vaporization | Fusion | Ignition

1. Elutriation
2. Efflorescence
3. vaporization
a. Evaporation
b. Boiling
4. Fusion
5. Ignition
EFFLORESCENCE:
Spontaneous (sudden) loss of water by a hydrated salt is called
Efflorescence.
Or
Efflorescence is the loss of “water of crystallization” (water that present inside crystals)
from a hydrated salt to the atmosphere on exposure to air.
ELUTRIATION:
Elutriation is a process of separating particles, based on their size, shape and density,
using a stream of gas or liquid flowing in a direction usually opposite to the direction of
sedimentation. It is used in mineral processing for size classification.
Or
Elutriation is a materials separation method in which smaller and larger materials are
separated by using the liquid or gas.
VAPORIZATION:
Conversion of a substance from the liquid phase into the gaseous
(vapor) phase is called vaporization.
Or
Vaporization is the process by which a liquid is turned into a
gas. (Direct conversion from solid to vapor is called
sublimation)
There are two types of vaporization
1. Evaporation
2. Boiling
EVAPORATION
Evaporation is a type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs only on the
surface of a liquid. During Evaporation, liquids changes to gas on the
surface of the liquid at below the boiling temperature.
BOILING
Boiling refers to heating up a liquid until it releases vapor. During
Boiling, the liquid changes to gas form above the boiling
temperature and occurs below the surface of the liquid.
Exsiccations
The process of removing water of crystallization from crystalline salt or rendering crystalline
salts anhydrous is called exsiccation.

FUSION:
Fusion is the process of heating the solid until it melts.
APPLICATIONS OF FUSION IN PHARMACY:
 Fusion is used in making ointments, creams, lotions, and suppositories
 It is used in pharmacy for mixing procedure
IGNITION:
Ignition is a process used in pharmacy in which the chemical substances are strongly heated
until its carboneous part burn and its inorganic residues left in the form of ash.
APPLICATIONS OF IGNITION IN PHARMACY:
 Ignition process is used as a standardization test to evaluate the quality and purity of
organic compounds
 Ignition is also used as sterilization process
 It can be used in separate inorganic substances

LEVIGATION:
Levigation is the process of grinding or mixing an insoluble substance to a fine powder while
wet.
APPLICATIONS OF LEVIGATION IN PHARMACY:
 It is the leading method that is used in dispensing pharmacy to mix up the medicaments
with the fat or water soluble base.  Levigation process can be used in the formulation of ointments, creams, paste and gels.  Levigation can also be used to form granules of different mixture of API.
LYOPHILIZATION (FREEZE-DRYING):
Lyophilization is a process which extracts the water from foods and other products so that the
foods or products remain stable and are easier to store at room temperature.
Or
Lyophilization is a dehydration process typically used to preserve a material.
To extract water, the process of lyophilization consists of
 Freezing the food so that the water in the food becomes ice
 Under a vacuum, sublimating the ice directly into water vapors
 Drawing off the water vapors
 Once the ice is sublimated, the foods are freeze-dried
APPLICATION OF LYOPHILIZATION (FREEZE-DRYING) IN PHARMACY:
Pharmaceutical companies often use freeze-drying to increase the shelf life of the products,
such as vaccines and other injectables. By removing the water from the material and sealing the
material in a vial, the material can be easily preserved, stored and shipped.

SUBLIMATION:
The process of changing from a solid to a gas without passing through an intermediate liquid
phase.
Sublimation is a technique used by chemists to purify compounds. Dry ice is solid carbon
dioxide.
At room temperature and pressure, it sublimates into carbon dioxide vapor. Sublimation is used
to create freeze-dried substances.
TRITURATION:
It is a process of comminution which we use pestle and mortar to reduce the particle size of
given
substances.
(Comminution is the reduction of solid materials by crushing, grinding, and other processes)
APPLICATIONS OF TRITURATION IN PHARMACY:
 Trituration is used to reduce the size of different substances
 Trituration is used for the mixing of different pharmaceutical components
 Trituration is used in the formation of creams, lotion and ointments
 Trituration is used in the dispensing of different drugs


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