Currently, a large amount of waste ends up in landfills. According to Rosstat, in 2017, the volume of solid municipal waste (MSW) removed from the urban territory as a whole in the Russian Federation amounted to 274.4 million m3. During self-isolation, the volume of waste products increased significantly. This led to an increase in MSW stored at landfills. Society turned out to be dissatisfied with the current situation, so a large number of landfills were forced to close and develop reclamation projects. There was a question of storage and disposal of already generated waste. In addition to incineration and waste processing plants, projects have been proposed to reuse waste as one of the components for reclamation of disturbed areas. So, it was proposed to use MSW, namely cellulose, as one of the layers of the biomat. Biomat is a permeable discrete-hardened spatial structure made of polymer monofilaments, fibers, and other elements, containing plant seeds in its structure.
The use of biomats for reclamation of disturbed areas is a relatively new technology for the Russian Federation, while abroad this development has been used for a long time. Therefore, at the moment there are two restrictions on the use of organic canvas components - the hazard class according to the Federal Classification Catalog of Waste (FCCO) should not exceed IV (that is, it refers to non-hazardous or low-hazard substances), and the possibility of disposal/burial as solid construction waste should be provided. These restrictions do not provide for the influence of biomats components on the environment: soil and water, since various wastes belong to the IV class of hazard according to the FCCO, for example, wastes from the industrial process of processing bauxite for the supply of aluminum oxide.
Most modern patents propose the use of materials in the composition of biomats with an unknown degradation period or an unknown effect on environmental components. For example, spunbond, which is most often made from polypropylene. Such materials can lead to re-contamination of the area. But these technologies also have the advantage of using highly biodegradable materials to reinforce steep slopes or landslide-prone areas along roads. In this case, it is necessary to stabilize the soil by technical means before strengthening the plant root system. But at the moment, the most effective means of protection are gabions. Gabions are three-dimensional products of various shapes made of strong metal mesh, welded structures made of metal wire, filled, as a rule, with natural stone.
Also, the most commonly suggested waste for producing one of the biomat layers is cellulose. The decomposition time of the material is much shorter. According to numerous sources, the duration varies from 1 to 24 months, depending on the thickness and composition of the cellulose.
To determine the environmental impact of decomposed cellulose, an experiment was carried out: pre-prepared cellulose webs with a certain component composition were installed in special metal molds, imitating biological webs, with application to a layer of lawn grass.
Laboratory studies of the developed cellulose web were carried out. Confirmation in urban settings is required, as well as applying an invention. Reclamation of disturbed areas with solid municipal waste is a new technology that requires deep study to prevent re-pollution of environmental components. When fully explored, these technologies will help reduce waste, as well as restore land after man-made human intervention.
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