BRICKS BEADS AND BONES REVISION 10 मिनट में CLASS 12 HISTORY MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER

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Ans: Yes, I agree with that the drainage system in Harappan cities which indicates the town planning. I can cite the following reasons in support of my answer.
The drainage system needed a planning for its execution. It seems that first drainages were laid out and then houses were built along with the drains. Every house was supposed to have at least one wall along a street to allow the domestic waste water to flow out in the street drains. The plans of the lower town show that roads and streets were laid out along an approximate grid pattern, intersecting at right angles.
It appears that human settlement was made by planning from the beginning. The city was restricted to a fixed area on the platforms.
Bricks, sundried or baked, were of standard ratio. The length and breadth of bricks were of four times and twice the height respectively These bricks were used at all the settlements of the Harappan Civilisation.

The Citadel: There were many buildings in the citadel. These buildings were used for many special public purposes. The Warehouse and the Great Bath were the two most important constructions.

Planned City: Harappa as a planned urban centre. It had two parts. One part of the city was small. It was built on a higher place.The second part was comparatively large. It was built on a lower place. The first part was designed as citadel and the second part was as lower town. The citadel owed its height to the fact that it was built on mud brick platforms. It had walls on all sides and these walls were separated from the lower town.
Lower Town: It was also a walled town. Most of the buildings were built on platforms.
In fact, these platforms were considered as foundation stones. It required huge quantity of labour force to build these platforms. It is obvious that settlement was first planned and then implemented as per the building plan. Quality of sun-dried bricks or baked bricks also prove the concept of planning.
All the bricks were of standard ratio. The length and width was four times and twice the height of the bricks respectively. These bricks were used in the settlements of the Harappan Civilisation.

an society. One group of archaeologists suggest that the Harappan society had no rulers and so everybody enjoyed equal status. The other group of archaeologists are of the opinion that there was no single ruler but several ones. The third theory seems the most suitable. It suggests that it is unlikely that entire communities could have collectively made and implemented such complex decisions.


Plans and layouts of the city were prepared under the guidance and supervisions of the rulers. Big buildings, palaces, forts, tanks, wells, canals and granaries were constructed.

Cleanliness was the responsibility of the ruler. Roads, lanes and drains were also constructed.

The rulers also looked after the welfare of the economy. They hsed to inspire the farmers to increase agricultural production. They also motivated the craftsmen to promote different handicrafts. External and internal trade were both promoted by the ruler. The ruler used to issue common acceptable coins or seals, weights and measurements.

Rulers were expected to provide relief during natural calamity. During flood, earthquake, epidemics, the ruler provided grains and other eatables to the affected people. During foreign aggression, the rulers defended the city.

John Marshall was the Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India. His contribution in the Indian Archaeology can be understood by the following points:

(i) He announced the discovery of new civilization i.e. Indus valley civilization.
(ii) He helped in the preservation or conservation of Sanchi Stupa.


Answer : Harappa seals and sealings were used to facilitate long distance communication. The mouth of the bags of goods was tied up with rope and on the knot was affixed some wet clay on which one or more seals were pressed, leaving an impression.
This sealing conveyed that if the bag reached with its sealing intact, then it had not been tampered with and also it conveyed the true identity of the sender of the goods.

Answer : After 1900 BCE, very few Harappan sites were continued and significant changes appeared in the civilisation. These were:
(i) In this period, distinctive artefacts like weights, seals, special beads, writing, long-distance trade and craft specialisation disappeared.
(ii) House construction technique deteriorated and large public structures were no longer produced. Late Harappan Civilisation indicates a rural way of life. Long distance trade also disappeared.
The reasons for these changes were:
(i) These changes were probably the result of climate change, deforestation and excessive flood.
(ii) The shifting or drying up of rivers and overuse of the landscape might be the cause. There was also decline and abandonment of cities due to these reasons.