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when working with the `requests` library in python to make http requests, you may encounter an error related to ssl certificate verification. this error typically occurs when the requests library cannot verify the ssl certificate presented by the server. the error message usually looks like this:



this tutorial will cover the common reasons for this error, how to resolve it, and provide a code example.

common reasons for certificate verification failure

1. **self-signed certificates**: if the server is using a self-signed ssl certificate, the requests library will not trust it by default.

2. **expired certificates**: the ssl certificate may have expired, leading to verification failure.

3. **missing ca certificates**: the local system may not have the necessary certificate authorities (cas) to validate the ssl certificate.

4. **network issues**: there may be network issues that prevent the connection from being established securely.

how to resolve certificate verification issues

here are some common approaches to resolve ssl certificate verification errors:

1. **update your certificates**: make sure you have the latest ca certificates. you can update them using the following command on macos:



on linux, you may need to install the `ca-certificates` package.

2. **use the `verify` parameter**: if you trust the server and want to bypass ssl verification, you can set the `verify` parameter to `false` in your request. however, this is not recommended for production code due to security risks.



**warning**: disabling ssl verification makes your connection vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks.

3. **specify a ca bundle**: if you have a specific ca certificate that you want to trust, you can provide the path to that certificate file using the `verify` parameter.



4. **use `certifi` package**: the `certifi` package provides a curated collection of root certificates. you can install it and use it to ensure that your requests library can ...

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