Скачать или смотреть FSc Part I || Ch # 05 || Lec 02 || Nomenclature | Binomial Nomenclature and its principles

#Nomenclature #Binomial_Nomenclature #rules_of_nomenclature #why_latin_is_used_in_nomenclature?
#Carlous_Linnaeus #Taxonomy #father_of_taxonomy #Why_scientitif_names_are_changed?
#problems_of_local_names #Vernacular_names


NOMENCLATURE
From the earliest times plants and animals have been given common names by the people. Since
no system was used in choosing common names, in many cases, various regions had their own
names for the same plant or animal . Take ‘Onion’ for example; its common urdu name is ‘Piyaz’ but
in diferent regions of Pakistan it is also known as ‘ganda’ or ‘bassal’ or ‘vassal’. In diferent countries
it would have another set of names. Similarly ‘amaltas’, ‘argvad’, ‘gurmala’, ‘golden shower’, purging
cassia’ are common names for the same plant. Thus the same plant may have diferent names. In
some cases, a single name refers to several diferent plants or animals. What is ‘blue bell’? Dozen of
plants with bell shaped lowers are called ‘blue bells’. Similarly the word ‘black bird’ would mean a
crow as well as a raven.Common names have no scientiic basis. To a biologist, a ish is a vertebrate
animal with a backbone, ins and gills. But ‘silver ish’ is an insect, and a ‘cray ish’, ‘jelly ish’ and
‘starish’ do not it the biologist’s deinition of a ish.
Common names had long caused confusion. During the 18th century, Carlous Linnaeus (1707-1778),
a Swedish botanist, devised a system for naming and classifying all the organisms known to him.
His system is used today internationally. He discarded the common names of plants and gave
each one a scientific name. He took the scientific name from Latin word. Linnaeus publishes the
list of names of plants in 1753. The scientific name of each plant had two parts. Usually, the name
referred to some characteristics of the organisms or the person who collected it. His system spread
rapidly and became so popular that he used it later on in naming animals and published his list in
1758. Many of his names are in use today.

Linnaeus’s system of giving each species a scientific name comprising two words is known as
binomial nomenclature. The first name refers to the genus (p1. genera) and is called generic name
and always begins with a capital letter. The specific name follows the generic name and begins with
small letter. Scientific name for onion is Allium cepa, for amaltas Cassia fistula and for man Homo
sapiens. Botanical name for potato is Solanum tuberosum and for brinjal Solanum melangena. The
same generic name for potato and brinjal reflects close relationship between theses two-species.
Every specie has only one scientific name the world over. Initially the classification was based on
the appearance or morphology of plants and animals but with advancement in the knowledge
of cytology, physiology, genetics and molecular biology the classification of organism has been
modified.