Скачать или смотреть NCERT Dose#39||NCERT Class 6 Science Chapter 12:Electricity and Circuits|| BY Star IQ

Star IQ Youtube Channel explains STATIC ELECTRICITY
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Charge Separation
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When the plastic ruler is rubbed on hair, electrons jump from hair to ruler- we explains the physics behind the "magic". We start with atoms and then create charge separation.

When two materials are rubbed one of them gets positive charge while other becomes negative charged.

When Two Objects are Rubbed
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Electrons are happier in certain materials than others.
Materials can either give electrons and become (+) or attract electrons and become (−).
Triboelectric series ranks materials according to decreasing tendency to gain electrons/increasing tendency to loose electrons.

Triboelectric Series
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Triboelectric Series lists materials, from most tendency to become positive (+) to materials which become negative (−).
At the top is air with greatest tendency for giving up electrons and becoming highly positive (+) in charge
Cotton and steel have tendency to remain neutral
At the bottom is Teflon with greatest tendency of becoming highly negative (−) in charge

Common Materials to Remember
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Positive Charge - Negative Charge
Glass rod - Silk
Woollen cloth/Fur - Ebonite, Amber, Rubber
Woollen cloth - Plastic
Dry Hair - Plastic comb/Balloon

For full Triboelectric series search "Triboelectric Series Examrace"

Induced Charges
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We then understand the idea of induced charges which form the basis for many physics experiments including one we do in this video- rubbing a plastic ruler against hair to make it lift some paper bits.

CURRENT ELECTRICITY
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Making Charges do Work
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Work is done by chemicals inside battery in doing charge separation. This is available outside the battery as potential (for ex. 1.5 V). This potential then makes the changes flow through wire outside the battery and these flowing electrons then do the work (lighting the bulb, rotating the fan).

Conventional vs. Electronic Current
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In most devices the current is physically made by flowing electrons. However traditionally current was thought to be due to flow of positive changes- this is known as conventional current and is taken to be the direction of flow of current.

Concept of EMF and Potential Difference
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EMF is the work done inside the battery to separate the charges- What we mean by this is that to transport a unit charge from the cathode to the anode inside the battery takes an amount of work equal to W, then W is the potential difference between the terminals of the battery. This
Potential differences or voltages are measured in volts (V) named after Alessandro Volta was an Italian scientist credited as the inventor of the electric battery.

Electric Potential
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The EMF generated by the battery is externally available in the circuit as the potential difference- the energy from work done internally by battery is available as this potential difference and now do work in the circuit.
This is similar to the work done by you in paddling the cycle up the hill. Now this work done is stored as gravitational potential energy which can be used to do work- you can now move downhill without doing any more work.

Electric Current
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An electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge past a point or region. It is measured in Ampere (SI base unit). Named after André-Marie Ampère a French scientist who inventor of numerous applications- such as the solenoid and early improvements to electrical telegraph

Electric Resistance
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Electrical Resistance is the opposition provided by materials to flow of electric current. The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI derived unit of electrical resistance, named after German physicist Georg Simon Ohm- A teacher and inventor of ohms law. Ohms law states that the current flow through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference (voltage) and inversely proportional to the resistance.