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Episode 313

Poison gas emerged as a terror weapon in WWI, developed to break trench stalemate, starting with chlorine at Ypres (1915) by Germans, then escalating with phosgene and mustard gas (1917) by both sides, delivered via canisters and artillery shells, prompting rapid development of gas masks, though casualties were lower than feared, gas remained a potent psychological tool and resource drain, leading to its eventual ban due to revulsion and ineffectiveness as a war-winner.
Development & Types of Gas

Tear Gases (1914): France used tear gas (ethyl bromoacetate), Germany used chloroacetone, initially to incapacitate, but effects were minimal.

Chlorine (1915): The first major lethal gas attack by Germans at Ypres, creating a visible green-yellow cloud that caused panic and asphyxiation.

Phosgene (1916): More lethal, colorless, and harder to detect; caused delayed symptoms (pulmonary edema) and was responsible for most gas deaths.

Mustard Gas (1917): A vesicant (blistering agent) that burned skin, eyes, and lungs, lingered, and was identified by its garlic/mustard smell (hence its name).
Other Gases: Included mask-breakers like chloropicrin (Blue Cross shells) to force removal of respirators.

Delivery Methods

Canister Releases (Early): Wind-dependent, large cylinders released gas clouds (e.g., Ypres).
Artillery Shells (Later): Most common method; liquid gas inside shells evaporated on impact, color-coded for type (Green Cross for pulmonary, Yellow Cross for mustard).
Livens Projectors (1916): British invention to launch large, concentrated gas clouds.

Effects & Countermeasures

Psychological Terror: Gas was a devastating morale weapon, creating immense fear and anxiety.
Defense: Rapid development of gas masks (e.g., British cotton pads, later more advanced respirators) and animal protection, but early ones were flawed.
Medical Challenges: Difficult to diagnose, with treatments evolving as understanding of effects improved (e.g., avoiding bleeding for phosgene victims).

Overall Impact
Gas warfare spurred rapid innovation in chemical weapons and defense, creating dedicated chemical warfare units.

Despite its terror, gas wasn't decisive; casualties were lower than expected, but it tied up resources and personnel for weeks.

Banned by international treaties (Geneva Protocol), largely due to its grotesque nature and "unsoldierly" reputation, though fear and resource drain also played roles.