Скачать или смотреть Fluvial Process and related Land form: River stages

Fluvial processes are associated with rivers and streams that created the Landform. When the stream or rivers are associated with glaciers, ice sheets, or ice caps, the term Glaciofluvial or Fluvio-glacial is used.
Fluvial processes include the motion of sediment and erosion or deposition on the river bed.
Fluvial Process is Included-
River Erosion
River Transportation
River deposition


Stages of River
Youth stage-In the youthful stage, the river flows full of energy and power. We can observe vertical erosion at this stage because of the power of the water, Hence, gorges, valleys, and waterfalls are formed in this stage.

Maturity stages-In the mature stage of the river, the speed of the river reduces, leading to reduced vertical cutting and instead there is a greater widening of the river. The deposition of the sediments in the mature stage leads to the formation of flood plains as well.

Old stages-In this stage the stream have a low gradient (slope) and meanders back across floodplains. The stream has a slow velocity with increased load and deposition material. The landscape is marked by meander scars, oxbow lakes, and levees.

Youth stages landforms

V-shaped valley-The V-shaped valleys are very common in mountains and hills. The fast flowing rivers with steep gradients create these valleys in the upper course of the river.
Waterfalls and Rapids-Waterfall is a steep drop of water in the course of the river. it has a high head of water with a plunge pool at the base.
Canyons -It is a long, deep, narrow valley with steep cliff walls. It often has a stream at the bottom.
Gorges-A gorge is a Steep, V-shaped valley formed by the vertical erosion of the river.
Pothole- A pothole is a smooth, bowl-shaped or cylindrical hollow, generally deeper than wide, found carved into the rocky bed of a watercourse.
River capture- River piracy or stream piracy is occurring when a stream or river drainage system or watershed is diverted from its own bed, and flows instead down the bed of a neighbouring stream.

Maturity stage landforms

In the maturity stage of the river, the Tributaries have fed the river upstream. At this stage the volume of water increases and lateral erosion takes place.

Meanders- Bends or loops in rivers, as waters flow in the meanders it takes a helical or spiral flow where erosion and deposition take place.

Slip slope-A slip-off slope is a depositional landform that occurs on the inside convex bank of a meandering river.

A river cliff- also known as a cut bank, is the outside bank of a curve or meander in a water channel, which is continually undergoing erosion.
Oxbow lake-An oxbow lake is a U-shaped lake or pool that forms when a wide meander of a river is cut off, creating a free-standing body of water.
Alluvial fan- An alluvial fan is an accumulation of sediments that fans outwards from a concentrated source of sediments, such as a narrow canyon emerging from an escarpment

Old Stage or Rejuvenation
Old-stage landforms may be uplifted due to climate change or tectonic activity.
because the river is moving on a flat surface, sediment deposition often acts as a barrier to the free flow of water, making it form a different drainage pattern.
Dendritic drainage
Parallel drainage
Radial Drainage
Rectangular Drainage

Old stage or Depositional landform
Natural Levees-The narrow belt of ridges of low height built by the deposition of sediments by the spilt water of the stream on its either bank is called a natural levee or natural embankment.
Alluvial fans and cones-Alluvial fans and cones due to the accumulation of materials are always formed at the base of foothills where there is an abrupt drop (de­crease) in the channel gradient.
Delta-The depositional feature of an almost triangular shape at the mouth of a river debouching either in lake or a sea is called delta.

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